对学习困难学生的施教对策

教师常常偏爱成绩好的学生，而对学习困难学生则在情感上、精力上和研究上投入不够。对学习困难学生的认识往往集中在他们身上的缺陷，而忽视了他们具有的学习潜能。教学实践证明，合理的施教是开发其潜能、促进其转化的关键。     

心理咨询门诊与普通专科门诊抽样对照分析

目的调查本院心理咨询门诊与普通专科门诊就诊疾病谱的差异,了解两者在精神分裂症治疗上的差异以及对预后的影响。方法以1/20抽取1995～2002年间的门诊病例进行统计分析,其中心理咨询门诊病例79份,普通专科门诊病例143份。自行设计表格对就诊者的性别、年龄、初诊诊断和服药、住院情况进行统计,比较两者就诊疾病谱的差异,以及两者在精神分裂症治疗上的差异和对预后的影响。结果(1)心理咨询门诊就诊者以心境障碍和神经症为主(分别达25%和27%),普通专科门诊以精神分裂症为主(48%,t=14．66,P＜0．005)；(2)在精神分裂症的治疗上,心理咨询门诊第二代抗精神病药(SGAs)的应用率较高(50%vs 14%,P＜0．005),两处就诊者的预后也存在差异。结论心理咨询门诊与普通专科门诊在初诊中存在一定的分工；两者对精神分裂症治疗存在差异,这种差异可能直接导致精神分裂症的预后,我国有待建立规范的精神分裂症治疗指南；全社会对非重性精神疾病的重视程度仍有待加强。     

力学在食管胃腔内弹力环扎吻合术的应用

本文探讨食管胃腔内弹力环扎吻合术的力学机理。这是一种不用任何缝合材料或吻合器进行胃食管吻合的新技术,我们已成功应用于临床。取临床所用的乳胶管按该材料多向异性特征、实验条件以及弹力环数目分为8组,每组3个样品进行各种体外力学试验。通过应力—应变(拉力—伸长)关系曲线和定伸长松驰试验确定它的力学特性是一种粘弹性材料。根据实验所得的应力换算为弹力环对食管和胃组织所施加的最佳压力(压强)是4.23±0.23Kg/cm~2,这样才能保证这一种新颖的吻合术可达到简便、安全、可靠的目的。     

CGRP免疫反应神经纤维在大鼠胆总管与十二指肠连接处的分布

用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法，研究了降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）免疫反应神经纤维在大鼠胆总管末端与十二指肠连接处的分布。大鼠的胆总管末端有较丰富的ＣＧＲＰ免疫反应神经纤维，它们多呈串珠（膨体）状，少数为无膨体的细长纤维。ＣＧＲＰ－ＩＲ纤维主要分布肌层及血管周围，在神经纤维的附近可见到含ＣＧＲＰ－ＩＲ阳性颗粒的肥大细胞。本实验为神经免疫调节机制的研究提供了形态学依据。     

前列腺素E1对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨前列腺素E1（PGE1）对肝脏 因再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 制作常温下大鼠部分肝叶缺血再灌注模型，于缺血前经门静脉给予PGE1，45min后恢复血流灌注，并于1h后取门静脉血测定血清谷草转氨酶（GOT）、谷丙转氨酶（GPT）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肿瘤坏死因子－α（TNF－α）及内皮素1（ET－1），同时取缺血肝叶行病理组织学检查。结果 缺血再灌注组GOT、GPT、LDH及TNF－α和ET－1均明显高于正常对照组，PGE1组则明显低于缺血再灌注组。PGE1组的肝脏病理组织学改变明显轻于缺血再灌注组，并接近正常对照组。结论 PGE1对肝缺血再灌注具有保护作用。     

胱蛋白酶抑制剂C和内生肌酐清除率与肾脏病理变化的关系探讨

目的　了解血胱蛋白酶抑制剂 (cystatin)C和内生肌酐清除率 (Ccr)与肾脏病理变化的关系。 方法　选择 1999年 1月～ 2 0 0 3年 2月因各种肾脏疾病收治入院行肾穿刺活检术的患儿共 12 4例 ,入院后查血cys tatinC和Ccr ,并行肾穿刺活检术以了解肾脏病理变化 ,然后通过相关及多元线性回归分析了解血cystatinC和Ccr与肾脏病理变化的关系。结果　血cystatinC与肾脏病理变化的复相关系数 (R) =0 .6 91(P <0 .0 1) ,血cys tatinC与肾脏病理变化之间存在直线关系 ,其回归方程为Y =0 .6 0 5 +0 .30 7X1+0 .4 93X2 (F =5 5 .18,P <0 .0 1)。Ccr与肾脏病理变化的R =0 .4 0 5 (P <0 .0 1) ,Ccr与肾脏病理变化之间亦存在直线关系 (F =11.89,P<0 .0 1)。结论　血cystatinC比Ccr更能反映肾脏病理变化的严重程度。血cystatinC和Ccr均与肾间质的变化密切相关 ,尤以血cystatinC更敏感。因此 ,血cystatinC可作为判断肾脏疾病预后的重要参考指标 ,以及时了解肾脏病理变化采取有效的治疗。     

Obesity in Diabetic Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Is Associated with Increased Postoperative Morbidity

Background: Despite the fact that obesity is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, many studies have failed to demonstrate that obesity is independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in nondiabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The authors investigated the influence of obesity on adverse postoperative outcomes in diabetic and nondiabetic patients after primary coronary artery bypass surgery.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass surgery (n = 9,862) between January 1995 and December 2004 at the Texas Heart Institute was performed. Diabetic (n = 3,374) and nondiabetic patients (n = 6,488) were classified into five groups, according to their body mass index: normal weight (n = 2,148), overweight (n = 4,257), mild obesity (n = 2,298), moderate obesity (n = 785), or morbid obesity (n = 338). Multivariate, stepwise logistic regression was performed controlling for patient demographics, medical history, and preoperative medications to determine whether obesity was independently associated with an increased risk of adverse postoperative outcomes.

Results: Obesity in nondiabetic patients was not independently associated with an increased risk of adverse postoperative outcomes. In contrast, obesity in diabetic patients was independently associated with a significantly increased risk of postoperative respiratory failure (odds ratio [OR], 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41-3.61; P < 0.001), ventricular tachycardia (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.18-4.35; P < 0.02), atrial fibrillation (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.03-2.38; P < 0.04), atrial flutter (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.29-4.40; P < 0.01), renal insufficiency (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.10-3.41; P < 0.03), and leg wound infection (OR, 5.34; 95% CI, 2.27-12.54; P < 0.001). Obesity in diabetic patients was not independently associated with an increased risk of mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, sepsis, or sternal wound infection.     

传染性非典型肺炎患者泪液和血液中特异性抗体检测的对比研究

目的：通过传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)患者泪液病毒特异性抗体的检测，寻找SARS病毒是否通过泪液或眼结膜传播的理论依据，了解泪液和血液中SARS病毒特异性抗体检测结果的一致性程度。方法：用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测18例不同病程的SARS患者泪波及血清SARS病毒特异性抗体。结果：18例SARS患者泪液中的特异性IgM类和IgG类抗体均为阴性，而同组患者有13例其血液中的特异性IgM类和IgG类抗体呈阳性。结论：SARS病毒可能不通过泪液或结膜传播。     

高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的短期血压变异性研究

目的 比较高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者的短期血压变异性。方法 将155例分为对照组、高血压组、高血压合并轻度或中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停组，EE较患者不同活动状态的短期血压变异性。结果 高血压合并中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停组患者睡眠期间和早晨血压变异系数分别为：收缩压18．69、21．32；舒张压19．41、23．61，明显高于其他各组。结论 夜间睡眠期间和早晨短期血压变异性增加，是高血压合并中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者夜间和早晨心血管事件发生率增加的重要危险因素。     

A preliminary study of the relationship between antibiotic administration and changes in bacteriological profile of wound infection in a burn unit

Objective:To investigate the relationship between antibiotic administration and the changes in bacteriological profile in a burn unit. Methods: The data of consumption of different kinds of antibiotics, including total antibiotic consumption [expressed as the number of defined daily doses (DDD)] as well as pathogen identification, were collected in a 8-year period. The constituent ratios of different kinds of antibiotics in total antibiotic consumption to isolation rates of various species of bacteria were calculated, and their correlation was analyzed. Results: Within this period, it was found that the aminoglycosides and first generation cephalosporins were used less frequently, while the polypeptides, carbopenem and macrolides were used proportionally more. At the same time, the isolation rates of Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter sp, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were gradually increased. The constituent ratios of predominant pathogens were correlated to the different kinds of antibiotics consumption in the burn unit. Conclusion: The results suggested that the consumption of different antibiotics was closely related to the trends of emergence of bacterial isolates from infected burn wounds. The result might imply that to regulate the administration of certain antibiotics might help decrease the emergence of certain pathogenic bacteria in burn infections.