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41.
Penny F Whiting Marie E Weswood Anne WS Rutjes Johannes B Reitsma Patrick NM Bossuyt Jos Kleijnen 《BMC medical research methodology》2006,6(1):1-8
Background
In clinical trials, both unequal randomization design and sequential analyses have ethical and economic advantages. In the single-stage-design (SSD), however, if the sample size is not adjusted based on unequal randomization, the power of the trial will decrease, whereas with sequential analysis the power will always remain constant. Our aim was to compare sequential boundaries approach with the SSD when the allocation ratio (R) was not equal. 相似文献42.
43.
Grüntzig balloon catheters were used to dilate ten esophageal strictures in eight infants and children. Five infants who had anastomotic strictures following esophageal atresia repair gained complete resolution of their strictures, usually after one or two dilatations. Three older children who had strictures following esophageal re-operation or reconstruction required longer courses of dilatations to achieve consistent esophageal patency. The technique failed in two chronic strictures of two and one-half and nine years' duration. Balloon catheter dilatation, begun in the early postoperative period, is a safe, effective method for dilating esophageal strictures. 相似文献
44.
45.
Cytokeratin 20 expression by non-invasive transitional cell carcinomas: potential for distinguishing recurrent from non-recurrent disease 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Although approximately 50% of patients with non-invasive (Ta ) papillary transitional cell carcinoma show no recurrence of their disease, current histopathological approaches cannot distinguish this sub-group from those patients in whom the disease will recur. In this 5 year retrospective study, we have shown that cytokeratin 20 (CK20) was expressed in 19 of 29 (65.5%) of non-invasive papillary tumours of grades 1 or 2. CK20 expression patterns were predictive of disease non-recurrence in a sub-group of eight patients, representing 51.7% of patients with non-recurrent disease. In normal bladder mucosa, CK20 expression was restricted to the terminally-differentiated superficial cell. In eight CK20-positive tumours which showed no recurrence at 5 years, CK20 expression was either restricted to, or most intense in, the luminal cells of the papillae. This pattern of expression was not seen in any of the 15 tumours from the recurrent group. Disruption of normal CK20 expression was highly significantly correlated with recurrent tumours. These results suggest that changes in the expression of differentiation-associated antigens, such as CK20, may be useful in predicting benign versus malignant behaviour and may, therefore, be useful in defining treatment strategies. 相似文献
46.
Rob JEM Smeets Johan WS Vlaeyen Alita Hidding Arnold DM Kester Geert JMG van der Heijden Antonia CM van Geel J André Knottnerus 《BMC musculoskeletal disorders》2006,7(1):5-16
Background
The treatment of non-specific chronic low back pain is often based on three different models regarding the development and maintenance of pain and especially functional limitations: the deconditioning model, the cognitive behavioral model and the biopsychosocial model. 相似文献47.
48.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome in South-East Asian children 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
49.
We compared the effect of administering oestradiol via the transdermal or oral routes in six and eight postmenopausal women respectively. Although both treatments achieved similar plasma levels of oestradiol, oral administration led to much greater increases in plasma levels of oestrone and the sulphates and glucuronides of oestradiol, oestrone and oestriol than transdermal treatment (P less than 0.001). Both treatments reduced plasma FSH; from 42 +/- 10 (SE) IU/l to 30 +/- 2 IU/l with oral and from 46 +/- 7 IU/l to 28 +/- 6 IU/l with transdermal treatment. Urine calcium excretion fell from 0.41 +/- 0.06 (molar ratio to creatinine) to 0.17 +/- 0.02 with oral and from 0.25 +/- 0.06 to 0.13 +/- 0.02 with transdermal treatment. Patients' symptoms were improved by both treatments. These changes were related to the plasma oestradiol concentration but not to that of oestrone. Oral, but not transdermal, treatment stimulated hepatic protein synthesis as shown by increased plasma levels of both vitamin-D-binding globulin and sex-hormone-binding globulin. We conclude that although both oral and transdermal oestradiol reduce postmenopausal bone loss, gonadotrophin secretion and symptoms, oral treatment also leads to hepatic stimulation and extensive metabolism of oestradiol, both of which may increase side-effects without conferring additional benefit. 相似文献
50.