冠状动脉痉挛诱发心律失常的临床特点及治疗效果

目的探讨冠状动脉痉挛（CAS）诱发心律失常的临床特点及治疗效果。方法选择1998年7月至2008年12月期间入住本院的16例CAS患者,CAS的诊断根据病史和症状,结合标准12导联心电图、动态心电图及冠状动脉造影等检查确定。结果16例患者CAS发作时伴有心绞痛和心电图ST段抬高。全部病例均合并缓慢性和／或快速性心律失常,其中缓慢性心律失常6例,二、三度房室阻滞5例,窦性静止1例;快速性心律失常12例,其中持续性室性心动过速（室速）和心室颤动（室颤）5例,非持续性室速5例,室性早搏2例。冠状动脉造影显示,4例冠状动脉完全正常,4例冠状动脉狭窄等于或超过50％,其余8例冠状动脉狭窄均≤45％。全部病例均接受了大剂量钙拮抗剂和硝酸酯类的联合抗血管痉挛治疗。冠状动脉有明显狭窄的4例患者接受了介入治疗。除1例患者死亡外,其余患者平均随访（52．3±18．9）个月,无心绞痛及晕厥发作。结论有或无冠状动脉病变的CAS均可诱发缓慢性和／或快速性室性心律失常;除针对冠状动脉基础病变治疗外,地尔硫革和硝酸酯类等联合抗痉挛治疗是主要的治疗措施。     

The clinical picture of ectasia of the intracerebral arteries

Thirty-one patients with ectasia of intracranial arteries were studied. The carotid system was more frequently involved than the vertebrobasilar. The condition is relatively rare and usually occurs with other vascular disease. Ectasia presents with a variety of neurological symptoms, amongst which visual disorders are common. The overall mortality was 52%, but the prognosis was appreciably worse for the vertebrobasilar group, probably because of a higher incidence of compression of surrounding neural structures. Defects in the internal elastic lamina, with or without associated atheroma, are often found in the affected arteries.     

中西医联合治疗难治性肺结核的疗效观察

目的观察中西药联合治疗难治性肺结核的疗效。方法选择单纯西药治疗12个月以上疗效欠佳的病例,分为联合治疗组54例(A组)对照组54例(B组)观察两组治疗效果。结果 A组在痰菌阴转,空洞关闭,病灶吸收,症状控制等多方面的疗效结果均高于B组。结论采用中西医结合治疗难治性肺结核,治愈率高,值得临床推广。     

The cost of blood: multidisciplinary consensus conference for a standard methodology

Prior attempts to account for the cost of blood have varied in economic perspective, methodology, and scope and may have underestimated both direct and indirect costs associated with transfusions. To devise a comprehensive and standardized methodology for the United States that will improve upon existing estimates, a panel of experts in blood banking and transfusion medicine was assembled and participated in consensus deliberations using modified Delphi methods. As a first step, a process-flow model that describes all the major steps involved in collecting, processing, and transfusing blood such as donor recruitment and follow-up of transfusion sequelae was constructed. Next, interdependencies were outlined and detailed cost elements within each step were itemized. The relative importance of each element was rated. Personnel, screening for infectious agents, information systems, laboratory evaluations, management of transfusion reactions, and equipment were ranked as the most important factors to capture but, in an effort to be all-inclusive, even minor elements were included. This consensus model is broad-based and should serve societal, provider, and payer perspectives for future cost studies. Recognizing the limitations of process-flow models, the next iteration will use an activity-based approach to more fully account for the cost of blood than present estimates.     

应用优先图像强制压缩传感算法降低低剂量MDCT腹部影像噪声的研究

目的评价优先图像强制压缩传感算法(PICCS)在低剂量MDCT噪声降低方面的价值及其影像质量。材料与方法本研究获机构审查委员会批准(免除知情同意书)并符合     

Importance of Tachycardia Cycle Length for Differentiating Typical Atrial Flutter from Scar‐Related in Adult Congenital Heart Disease

Background: Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for intraatrial reentrant tachycardia (IART) in congenital heart disease (CHD) remains difficult. Methods: Thirty‐four consecutive adult patients (age, 37.6 ± 12.8 years; male, 21) with previously repaired CHD and IART underwent an electrophysiological study and RFCA. CHD included atrial septal defect (ASD, n = 14), tetralogy of Fallot (n = 11), ventricular septal defect (n = 4), pulmonary atresia (n = 2), atrioventricular septal defect (n = 1), transposition of the great arteries (n = 1), and double‐outlet right ventricle (n = 1). Results: Duration of CHD repair to IART onset was 19.1 ± 8.5 years. Thirty and four patients had single‐ and double‐loop reentrant tachycardia, respectively. Among the total of 38 IARTs, which were mapped, 22 (57.9%) and 13 (34.2%) IARTs were cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)‐dependent atrial flutter (AFL) and scar‐related AFL, respectively. Typical AFL electrocardiography findings including definite sawtooth appearance in inferior leads and positive F wave in lead V1 were observed in only 12 of 21 patients (57.1%) with CTI‐dependent AFL. CTI‐dependent AFL had a significantly longer tachycardia cycle length (TCL) than scar‐related AFL (267.6 ± 34.4 ms and 235.9 ± 37.0 ms, respectively; P = 0.031). TCL > 250 ms had 79% sensitivity as the cutoff value for differentiating CTI‐dependent from scar‐related AFL. The acute success rates of RFCA in CTI‐dependent and scar‐related AFLs were 85.7% and 90.0%, respectively. The recurrence rates in CTI‐dependent and scar‐related AFLs were 11.1% and 11.1%, respectively, during a follow‐up of 21.2 ± 28.3 months. Conclusions: CTI‐dependent AFL was the most common IART in adult patients with repaired CHD and was easily manageable by RFCA. TCL might help to differentiate CTI‐dependent AFL from other IARTs. (PACE 2012;35:1338–1347)     

The changing prevalence of autistic disorder in a Welsh health district

A prevalence study of autistic disorder(AD) in childhood was undertaken in a Welsh health district as part of a needs' assessment exercise. The study population were all children resident in the district with dates of birth between 1977 and 1988. Children were identified after a trawl of service providers in health and education and diagnosis was confirmed at a multidisciplinary assessment. An increase in prevalence was found, an observation that has been made in other parts of the world. The increase in prevalence, whether real or administratively apparent, has major implications for service providers in health, education, and social care, in that a larger number of children are being recognised as having a triad of impairments which requires very specific interventions and support from all three agencies.     

Identification of Somatosensory Pathways by Focal-Cooling-Induced Changes of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials and EEG-Activity – an Experimental Study

Summary  Object. Function-preserving neurosurgery requires methods to identify functionally important CNS-areas intraoperatively. We investigated whether a combination of focal cerebro-cortical cooling and monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) is suited for this task, i.e. whether it is able to outline structures belonging to the somatosensory pathway.  Methods. In 17 Wistar rats the somatosensory cortex was focally cooled by 20°C below the initial tissue temperature for periods of five minutes. A cryoprobe with a tip diameter of 3 mm was used and tissue temperatures were measured below and at different distances to the cryoprobe. Tibial nerve evoked SEPs and EEG-spectra were recorded continuously.  Results. During cortical cooling the SEP-responses showed a marked delay and amplitude increase of the cortically generated components P13 and N18 and a small latency increase of the subcortically generated wave III. EEG-spectra were depressed mainly in the low frequency range. All cooling effects were reversible and in light- as well as electron-microscopic examinations no tissue damage was found.  Conclusions. Focal cooling of the cortex induces easily recognizable and reversible changes of the bio-electrical activity without causing any histological damage. Therefore the method seems suitable for identifying eloquent areas. It can be expected that clinical application of the cooling technique in combination with intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring will be helpful to further lower the risk of neurosurgical operations.  We propose that cooling mainly interferes with the synaptic transmission within the somatosensory cortex, because the observed amplitude increase can be explained by cold-induced depression of inhibitory cortical activity (disinhibition).