肥胖与青少年多囊卵巢综合征

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是育龄妇女常见生殖内分泌疾病。近年发现,随着儿童肥胖患病率增加,青少年PCOS发病率也逐年提高。肥胖可通过增加外周循环胰岛素水平影响PCOS发病机制,PCOS患者高雄激素血症也会增加内脏脂肪沉积。肥胖会增加与PCOS相关的代谢和心血管方面的并发症的患病风险,如胰岛素抵抗（IR）、高脂血症、高血压以及临床症状不明显的动脉粥样硬化等。早期识别青春期PCOS,有利于及时纠正、阻断其内分泌紊乱,防止近期及远期并发症发生。     

3D DESS磁共振序列诊断神经根型颈椎病临床价值

目的：探讨3D双回波稳态进动（dual echo steady state ,DESS）磁共振序列在显示椎管内臂丛神经的形态解剖学信息的情况,以及在显示突出椎间盘与椎管内臂丛神经的关系的临床应用价值。方法对35例有颈肩痛和上肢麻痛等颈丛和臂丛神经根受压症状,临床高度怀疑神经根型颈椎病患者行颈椎M RI常规序列（矢状位 T1 WI ,T2 WI ,横轴位T2WI）和3D DESS序列,3D DESS序列的所有图像均采用3D最大信号强度投影（MIP）与曲面重组等后处理,由2位高级职称M RI影像诊断医师通过对重建后图像所显示的臂丛神经椎管内神经根的形态、长度以及突出椎间盘与椎管内臂丛神经的关系的影像表现,评价3D DESS序列在神经根型颈椎病影像诊断中的临床应用价值。结果3D DESS序列重建图像和常规MRI T2WI序列图像对臂丛神经椎管内神经前根的显示率分别为94．3％（33／35）和88．6％（31／35）,对臂丛神经椎管内神经后根的显示率分别为94．3％（33／35）和80％（28／35）,3D DESS序列明显优于常规层厚 T2 WI图像,差异有显著性意义（P ＜0．05）;在臂丛神经椎管内神经前后根完整性的显示方面,两者间差异无统计学意义（P ＞0.05）。结论3D DESS序列经重建后的图像,可提供更多的椎管内臂丛神经的形态解剖学信息,能清晰显示突出椎间盘对神经根的压迫情况,为临床治疗提供明确依据。     

肠球菌医院感染特征及新型抗菌药物耐药性研究

目的探讨肠球菌属细菌分布及耐药性特征,为指导临床合理用药及控制医院感染提供依据。方法对该院2011年1月至2013年12月年临床送检标本进行细菌分离培养、鉴定和药敏试验。结果共检出肠球菌属细菌140株,屎肠球菌71株(50.7%),粪肠球菌60株(42.9%),其他肠球菌9株(6.4%),其中尿液99株(70.7%);粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、红霉素的耐药率为15.0%、12.5%和75.0%,屎肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、红霉素耐药率大于80.0%,粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素(5.0%、4.2%)、利奈唑胺(8.4%、1.4%)极度敏感,喹奴普丁/达福普丁对粪肠球菌耐药率(100.0%)高于屎肠球菌(26.7%),达托霉素无耐药菌株。结论肠球菌属以泌尿系统感染为主,屎肠球菌检出率略大于粪肠球菌,屎肠球菌对大多数抗菌药物耐药率高于粪肠球菌,喹奴普丁/达福普丁仅对屎肠球菌有较高敏感性,万古霉素、利奈唑胺、达托霉素对肠球菌属细菌保持极高敏感性。     

Percutaneous angioplasty in clinical management of renovascular hypertension: initial and long-term results

Between January 1980 and July 1983, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was attempted on 137 stenotic renal arteries in 100 patients. At termination of follow-up studies (3-39 months, mean of 16 months), 70% of those treated for hypertension had benefited from the procedure. Stenosis secondary to fibromuscular dysplasia responded better than stenosis from arteriosclerosis (85% and 65% of the patients, respectively). Benefit was minimal for those with stenosis of the renal artery ostium or renal insufficiency. Determining levels of renal vein renin before angioplasty is helpful in selecting patients; following angioplasty, this has considerable significance in predicting the success of the procedure.     

The thoracic aorta studied by MR imaging

Thirty-three patients with a variety of disorders of the thoracic aorta (aneurysm, dissection, Marfan syndrome, coarctation/pseudocoarctation, L-transposition, and Takayasu disease) were evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MR imaging delineated the presence and extent of thoracic aortic aneurysms and showed the relationship of the aneurysm to arch vessels; it also demonstrated intimal flaps and individual lumina in types A and B aortic dissection. Dilation of the ascending aorta in Marfan syndrome and focal narrowing of the aorta in coarctation were well visualized. The anteroposterior and side-to-side relationships of the aorta and pulmonary artery in L-transposition were demonstrated, as were aortic wall thickening and branch vessel narrowing in Takayasu arteritis. Initial experience suggests that MR imaging may provide a noninvasive method for evaluating thoracic aortic disease. Limitations include inferior spatial resolution, occasional difficulty in imaging the entire region of interest in one section, lack of signal from calcifications, and inability to monitor critically ill patients.     

Ocular and orbital lesions: surface coil MR imaging

Nine lesions, four ocular (three melanomas, one hemangioma) and five orbital (two perioptic meningiomas, one hemangioma, one pseudotumor, one mucocele), were evaluated by magnetic resonance surface coil imaging at 1.5 T. Small ocular lesions with 3.9-4.5-mm-elevation were demonstrated. The use of two different pulse sequences resulted in separation of melanoma from adjacent retinal detachment. Contrast obtained between orbital lesions and the adjacent normal structures was better than that demonstrated with high-resolution computed tomography.     

Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease: risk due to homozygous HLA haplotypes

BACKGROUND: Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD) may occur in transfusions of blood from HLA-homozygous persons to HLA- heterozygous persons who share a haplotype. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two mathematical models were developed to calculate the upper and lower limit of the associated risks in various populations using a combination of serology- and DNA sequence-based HLA haplotype frequencies. RESULTS: For nondirected transfusion, the range of the estimated risk in United States whites is 1 of 17,700 to 39,000 (1/6,900-48,500 in Germans; 1/1,600-7,900 in Japanese). The risk in directed donation between parents and children is increased at least 21- fold for US whites, 18-fold for Germans, and 11-fold for Japanese. CONCLUSION: For nondirected transfusions, the estimates of TA-GVHD risk derived in this model are lower than estimates of previously published models, are in better agreement with the clinical experience, and explain in part the observed discrepancy between TA-GVHD incidence in the United States and that in Japan. Most notably for US whites, the relative increase in risk in directed transfusion is larger than previously thought.     

Low cytokine contamination in buffy coat-derived platelet concentrates without filtration

BACKGROUND: Cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]) generated by white cells during the storage of platelet concentrates can cause febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions. The high rate of febrile reactions reported in other studies was not observed in the patients in the authors' center. This discrepancy prompted the determination of cytokine levels in buffy coat- derived platelet concentrates. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Platelet concentrates were produced from buffy coats by a standard large-scale production process. Buffy coats were separated from the red cell and plasma components, and then platelets were recovered from the buffy coats by a soft-spin procedure. Levels of cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF) were determined with commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: In platelet concentrates produced by the buffy coat method, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF were observed at or below the detection limit of current enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays after 5 days' storage at 22 +/− 2 degrees C. Therefore, prestorage filtration had no measurable effect on cytokine levels. In controls, IL- 1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF were quantitatively detected after exogenous addition of recombinant cytokines or exposure to lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSION: Platelet concentrates prepared from buffy coats may be virtually free of cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF) during 5 days of storage. Filtration is not required to reduce the recipient's cytokine exposure via such platelet concentrates.