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David J. Vigerust John A. Lincoln Rod W. Stuart Brian Gnade Doris L. Lefkowitz Stanley S. Lefkowitz Robert C. Allen 《Inflammation》2000,24(3):251-263
It is known that a peroxidase, H2O2, and a halide form a "cytotoxic triad." As a result of the interactions of the components of the triad, reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) are formed that help to destroy various invading pathogens including Candida. The present study was undertaken to determine if equivalent units of peroxidase induced equivalent levels of macrophage-mediated killing of Candida. Murine peritoneal macrophages were exposed to various concentrations of eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence studies showed that equivalent units of peroxidase, as determined by oxidation of guaiacol, demonstrated a hierarchical pattern of ROI production. Macrophage phagocytosis and candidicidal activity, as measured by a fluorescence acridine orange assay, also demonstrated the same hierarchical pattern of EPO > MPO > HRP. Therefore, enzymatically equivalent peroxidases do not demonstrate equivalent candidicidal activity. These data indicate a distinct order of peroxidases relative to their ability to stimulate chemiluminescence and macrophage-mediated killing. 相似文献
23.
JO Ezekwesili-Ofili NF Onyemelukwe P Agwaga I Orji 《African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines》2014,11(3):143-147
Background
There is increased reliance on traditional herbal medicines by several millions of people worldwide, especially in West Africa and Nigeria in particular. This is due to escalating cost of good quality drugs and consequent proliferation of faked cheaper drugs. However, non standardization of production and handling methods have resulted in herbal medicines with varying quality and safety indices, thus resulting in possible public health concerns. This work investigated the microbial load and aflatoxin levels in herbal medicines from selected states in Nigeria.Materials and Methods
A total of 210 samples obtained from various renowned herbal medicine practitioners from some selected states in Nigeria, based on their medicinal uses, were analyzed to determine the microbial load by the plate count method and aflatoxin contamination levels using thin layer chromatography with aflatoxin standards.Results
At least six bacterial genera (Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, EPEC, EHEC, Streptococcus and other coliforms) and 6 fungal genera (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Cladosporium, Geotricum and Candida) were isolated. Aflatoxin B1, B2 and G1 were detected in varying concentrations in the samples analyzed, with an average occurrence of 18.6%. Some of these herbal concoctions were found to contain unacceptably high bioload, according to WHO standards.Conclusion
Microbial contamination and the presence of aflatoxins in herbal medicines appear to be an endemic problem in Nigeria, as observed in this work, probably due to poor observation of basic hygiene during preparations and poor storage conditions. The findings in this work may serve in developing and instituting public health standards for the production and safety of herbal remedies in Nigeria. 相似文献24.
Solitary pulmonary nodules: CT assessment 总被引:29,自引:0,他引:29
Siegelman SS; Khouri NF; Leo FP; Fishman EK; Braverman RM; Zerhouni EA 《Radiology》1986,160(2):307-312
Computed tomography (CT) was used to examine 634 solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs). Each lesion was assessed as benign or indeterminate on the basis of CT criteria. Benign nodules made up 44% of all SPNs and 58% of the 431 that were 2 cm or less in diameter. All malignant SPNs were assessed as indeterminate, and adenocarcinoma (42%) was the most common primary malignancy. A total of 176 (63% of benign SPNs) were correctly assessed as benign by CT. Ninety SPNs assessed as diffusely calcified were not so identified by conventional tomography at outside institutions. An SPN can be reliably assessed by CT as benign if it exhibits high attenuation values, exceeding a critical level and distributed diffusely throughout a CT section through the center of the lesion and a well-defined edge. Although 38 of 283 (13.4%) primary lung cancers contained localized calcification, there was no significant overlap with the diffuse calcification of benign lesions. Central carcinoid tumors may contain focal ossification, but such lesions may be recognized by noting the proximity of larger bronchi. Assessment of SPNs by CT is most effective for lesions 2.0 cm or less in diameter. For larger lesions, the frequency of benign disease was decreased (14.3% of 203), as was the percentage of benign SPNs correctly assessed as benign by CT (37.9%). 相似文献
25.
Gallbladder ablation through radiologic intervention: an experimental alternative to cholecystectomy 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Twenty pigs underwent (a) cystic duct occlusion by means of fluoroscopically guided transcatheter endoluminal bipolar radio-frequency (RF) electrocoagulation and (b) gallbladder sclerotherapy with one of two different regimens of ethanol and sodium tetradecyl-sulfate (STS). Serum ethanol levels and hepatic enzyme tests showed no acute toxicity. Postmortem histologic studies showed that the bile ducts beyond the occlusion site remained entirely unaffected in all animals. In three of four animals followed up for 2 weeks, the sclerosants induced necrosis of the gallbladder mucosa, but the adjacent liver, serosa, and blood vessels remained intact. In 13 of 16 animals followed up for 8 weeks, the gallbladder lumen was obliterated by fibrous scar tissue. In the animals treated with 95% ethanol and 3% STS, the gallbladder mucosa was necrotic in all areas after 2 weeks (two of two animals) and eradicated completely after 8 weeks (six of eight animals); the other regimen (70% ethanol plus 1% STS) was somewhat less effective. In this study, the combination of RF-mediated cystic duct occlusion and gallbladder sclerotherapy with ethanol and STS permitted gallbladder ablation in swine without toxic side effects. 相似文献
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28.
Dorothy Halliday Beatrice Emmanouil Grace Vassallo Karine Lascelles James Nicholson Saleel Chandratre Geetha Anand Martin Wasik Pieter Pretorius D. Gareth Evans Allyson Parry On behalf of the English NF research group 《Clinical genetics》2019,96(2):151-162
Childhood onset neurofibromatosis type 2 can be severe and genotype dependent. We present a retrospective phenotypic analysis of all ascertained children in England <age 18 (N = 87; male 61%). Mean age at last review was 13.9 years with mean follow-up 6.5 years. Patients were stratified using a validated score (1A/1B:no NF2 pathogenic_variant in blood; 2A/2B:mild/moderate NF2 constitutional or mosaic pathogenic_variant in blood; 3: constitutional truncating exon 2-13 pathogenic_variant. A total of 91% patients had a constitutional NF2 pathogenic_variant (44% de novo). Mean age at first manifestation was 4.3 and 8.8 years in groups 3 and 2A, respectively. Bilateral vestibular schwannoma, intracranial meningioma and spinal schwannoma occurred in 77%, 52% and 65% of group 3 patients, respectively, and 58%, 26% and 33% in 2A. A total of 43% group 3 and 18% 2A had severe unilateral visual loss (logmar >1.0). Focal cortical dysplasia occurred in 26% group 3 and 4% 2A. A total of 48% of group 3 underwent ≥1 major intervention (intracranial/spinal surgery/Bevacizumab/radiotherapy) compared to 35% of 2A; with 23% group 3 undergoing spinal surgery (schwannoma/ependymoma/meningioma resection) compared to 4% of 2A. Mean age starting Bevacizumab was 12.7 in group 3 and 14.9 years in 2A. In conclusion, group 3 phenotype manifests earlier with greater tumour load, poorer visual outcomes and more intervention. 相似文献
29.
AF Collins ; C Goncalves-Dias ; S Haddad ; R Talbot ; R Herst ; BJ Tyler ; E Zuber ; VS Blanchette ; NF Olivieri 《Transfusion》1994,34(6):517-520
BACKGROUND: Previous studies of transfusions of newly formed red cells (neocytes) demonstrated modest extensions of transfusion interval in patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The clinical benefits of a new system of neocyte preparation (Neocel, Cutter Biological, Berkeley, CA), reported to combine ease of preparation with reduction in the transfusion requirements of thalassemia patients, were evaluated. Sixteen thalassemic patients who had undergone splenectomy received eight consecutive, standard, automated, washed red cell transfusions (standard transfusions), followed by eight transfusions with the neocyte preparation (neocyte transfusions). In each arm of the study, mean pretransfusion hemoglobin and mean red cell mass transfused were carefully controlled and were similar. RESULTS: A significant (p < 0.0001) extension of transfusion interval was observed in patients receiving neocyte transfusions (mean +/− SD; 38.7 +/− 34 days; range, 35.0-44.5), over that in those receiving standard transfusions (32.9 +/− 2.5 days; range, 29.6-38.5). The mean prolongation of transfusion interval by neocyte transfusion corresponded to a mean reduction of 25 mL in packed red cells transfused per kg of body weight per patient per year and a mean reduction in transfused iron of 15 percent per year per patient. During neocyte transfusions, blood preparation costs were considerably increased and donor exposure was significantly (p < 0.0005) higher than during the standard transfusion period. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that extension of the transfusion interval, and reduction in transfused iron, may be achieved in thalassemic patients by use of the Neocel system. These benefits are achieved, however, with substantial increases in donor exposure and in component preparation costs. 相似文献
30.
Natalya Filipchuk Vigerust Bodil Bjørndal Pavol Bohov Trond Brattelid Asbjørn Svardal Rolf Kristian Berge 《European journal of nutrition》2013,52(4):1315-1325