New peritoneal dialysis solutions

Summary: Current peritoneal dialysis solutions are not biocompatible, particularly in respect to low pH, high osmolality and use of lactate. In addition, glucose is not an ideal osmotic agent. Recent advances in the formulation of peritoneal dialysis fluids aim to provide a more physiological environment to preserve membrane integrity. the effects of pH and lactate have been overcome by the use of bicarbonate based solutions whilst icodextrin (glucose polymers) often prolonged ultrafiltration in spite of being isomotic to uraemic plasma. Future formulations will see a combination of osmotic agents (including amino acids) and bicarbonate to achieve a more biocompatible solution whilst still meeting the ultrafiltration needs of the patients. Additives (glycosaminoglycans, procysteine) may protect the peritoneum from free radical injury.     

Food choice in response to computer-generated nutrition information provided about meal selections in workplace restaurants

Aim : The study was designed to determine the effect of computerized nutrition information on consumer food choice in two workplace restaurants, one in which customers had to pay for their lunch and the other providing a free lunch. Methods : Customers entering the restaurants were asked to make selections from the menu on a computer screen. The energy, saturated fatty acids, non-milk extrinsic sugars and non-starch polysaccharide content of the meal selected was displayed graphically in proportion to the dietary reference values. They were given the opportunity to change their selected meal and the composition of all meals was recorded. Results : The nutritional composition of the first meal provoked 16% of customers to make a second selection. The proportion of energy in the first selection had been 31% higher for saturated fatty acids and 23% higher for non-milk extrinsic sugars than the first selection made by people who were satisfied with their first choice. In their second attempt they succeeded in reducing both nutrients to levels similar to those present in the meals selected by people who had been satisfied with their first selection. Customers>> selections for non-starch polysaccharide and energy did not differ between the groups. The main changes made by customers to achieve improved second choices were to omit dishes (44%), add dishes (19%), make changes within a menu category (46%), and make changes from one menu category to another (26%). Conclusion : It was concluded that provision of graphical nutrition information on a computer screen could be used by a subset of the users of both restaurants to enable them to improve their menu selections to a similar composition to that selected by the other people who used the computer system.     

天然钍对作业工人健康影响的研究

为研究包钢的原料中所含天然钍对作业工人健康的影响，对５９８５人的暴露队列进行了１７年的流行病学调查。结果发现，作业工人外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率随年附加有效剂量的增加而升高（与对照组比较Ｐ＜０．０１）。工龄为５～１４年者增加较快，１５年后增加缓慢，趋于平衡。尘肺分析结果提示，天然钍可能增强ＳｉＯ２的致肺纤维化作用。肿瘤死亡率除胃癌外，其余ＲＲ均大于１，但无统计学意义。相距一年的两次植物血球凝集素（ＰＨＡ）皮试反应均有增强，但外周血淋巴细胞离体照射后，染色体畸变未见适应性。女工妊娠期从事钍作业，其所生子女的智力发育无明显异常。     

Image-directed color Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of superficial solid tumors

Image-directed color Doppler ultrasonography (ICDUS) studies of 86 patients with superficial solid masses yielded significantly lower resistive index (RI) values in acute inflammatory lesions, but no significant difference between the maximum systolic flow velocities (S) of the patient groups with malignant, benign, and acute inflammatory lesions. When analyzed separately, the malignant soft-tissue tumor subgroup was shown to have significantly higher mean RI compared to that of the malignant node subgroup. We conclude that RI may be useful in the differentiation of acute inflammatory masses from other pathological entities. Malignant soft-tissue tumors, especially sarcomas, may have different Doppler features from those of carcinomatous tumors. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.