A multimedia consent tool for research participants in the Gambia: a randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of a multimedia informed consent tool for adults participating in a clinical trial in the Gambia.MethodsAdults eligible for inclusion in a malaria treatment trial (n = 311) were randomized to receive information needed for informed consent using either a multimedia tool (intervention arm) or a standard procedure (control arm). A computerized, audio questionnaire was used to assess participants’ comprehension of informed consent. This was done immediately after consent had been obtained (at day 0) and at subsequent follow-up visits (days 7, 14, 21 and 28). The acceptability and ease of use of the multimedia tool were assessed in focus groups.FindingsOn day 0, the median comprehension score in the intervention arm was 64% compared with 40% in the control arm (P = 0.042). The difference remained significant at all follow-up visits. Poorer comprehension was independently associated with female sex (odds ratio, OR: 0.29; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.12–0.70) and residing in Jahaly rather than Basse province (OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.13–0.82). There was no significant independent association with educational level. The risk that a participant’s comprehension score would drop to half of the initial value was lower in the intervention arm (hazard ratio 0.22, 95% CI: 0.16–0.31). Overall, 70% (42/60) of focus group participants from the intervention arm found the multimedia tool clear and easy to understand.ConclusionA multimedia informed consent tool significantly improved comprehension and retention of consent information by research participants with low levels of literacy.     

Combining electromagnetic navigation and 3‐D mapping to reduce fluoroscopy time and achieve optimal CRT response

Implantation of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices can be challenging, time consuming, and associated with high‐dose x‐ray exposure. We present the technique in which an electromagnetic navigation system (MediGuideTM, St. Jude Medical) and an electroanatomical three‐dimensional mapping system (EnSite NavX, St Jude Medical) are usefully combined for implanting implantable cardioverter defibrillator CRT devices with strong reduction of x‐ray exposure, and for targeting the most delayed regions in the activation maps avoiding scars for optimal CRT response.     

The impact of childhood vaccines on bacterial carriage in the nasopharynx: a longitudinal study

Background

There is increasing evidence that childhood vaccines have effects that extend beyond their target disease. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of routine childhood vaccines on bacterial carriage in the nasopharynx.

Methods

A cohort of children from rural Gambia was recruited at birth and followed up for one year. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken immediately after birth, every two weeks for the first six months and then every other month. The presence of bacteria in the nasopharynx (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus) was compared before and after the administration of DTP-Hib-HepB and measles-yellow fever vaccines.

Results

A total of 1,779 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 136 children for whom vaccination data were available. The prevalence of bacterial carriage was high: 82.2% S. pneumoniae, 30.6%, S.aureus, 27.8% H. influenzae. Carriage of H. influenzae (OR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.99) and S. pneumoniae (OR = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.90) were significantly reduced after measles-yellow fever vaccination; while DTP-Hib-HepB had no effect on bacterial carriage.

Conclusions

Nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage is unaffected by DTP-Hib-HepB vaccination and reduced after measles-yellow fever vaccination.     

Transdermal Diagnosis of Malaria Using Vapor Nanobubbles

A fast, precise, noninvasive, high-throughput, and simple approach for detecting malaria in humans and mosquitoes is not possible with current techniques that depend on blood sampling, reagents, facilities, tedious procedures, and trained personnel. We designed a device for rapid (20-second) noninvasive diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum infection in a malaria patient without drawing blood or using any reagent. This method uses transdermal optical excitation and acoustic detection of vapor nanobubbles around intraparasite hemozoin. The same device also identified individual malaria parasite–infected Anopheles mosquitoes in a few seconds and can be realized as a low-cost universal tool for clinical and field diagnoses.     

Italian experience with rVIII-single chain: a survey of patients with haemophilia A and their physicians

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis - rVIII-SingleChain is indicated for treatment and prophylaxis of bleeding in patients with haemophilia A (HA). The safety and efficacy of rVIII-SingleChain...     

The Effect of Initial Patient Experiences and Life Stressors on Predicting Lost to Follow-Up in Patients New to an HIV Clinic

AIDS and Behavior - We conducted a prospective cohort study of 450 patients new to an HIV clinic in Houston, TX, to examine the roles of life stressors and initial care experiences in predicting...     

Low-intensity oral anticoagulant plus low-dose aspirin during the first six months versus standard-intensity oral anticoagulant therapy after mechanical heart valve replacement: a pilot study of low-intensity warfarin and aspirin in cardiac prostheses (LIWACAP).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-intensity warfarin treatment plus aspirin during the first 6 months after surgery in patients undergoing heart valve substitution with mechanical prostheses. Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) are able to reduce but not eliminate thrombosis and systemic embolism in patients with mechanical heart valves. The intensity of treatment and additional use of aspirin in these patients is still controversial. Consecutive patients undergoing aortic or mitral valve replacement (or a combination of the two) with mechanical prostheses were invited to participate in the study. After stratifying for site of prosthesis, patients were randomized to receive low intensity VKA treatment (target INR 2.5) plus aspirin (100 mg/day) for the first six months (Group A) or standard-intensity (INR target 3.7) VKA treatment (Group B). Mean follow-up was 1.5 years. Principal outcome events were systemic embolism, major bleeding, and vascular death. A total of 94 patients in Group A and 104 in Group B were randomized and followed up for 144 and 163 patient years, respectively. There were 5 (5%) events in Group A (4 major bleeding events and 1 vascular death) and 4 (4%) in group B (2 major bleeding events and 2 ischemic stroke). All the events except 1 occurred within the first 6 months after surgery. Cumulative incidence of primary outcome events was 5.8% (95% CI 0.9 to 10.7) in Group A and 4.3% (95% CI 0.2 to 8.4) in Group B (p=0.6). Low-intensity treatment plus aspirin during the first six months after surgery appears to be as effective and safe as moderate-high-intensity anticoagulation.     

The critical issue of hepatocellular carcinoma prognostic classification: which is the best tool available?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Prognosis assessment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains controversial. The most widely used HCC prognostic tool is the Okuda classification, but new staging systems (Cancer of the Liver Italian Program score, Chinese University Prognostic Index, French classification and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, BCLC, staging) have been recently described. We investigated the value of known prognostic systems in the particular setting of a surgically oriented Liver Unit where 187 HCC Italian patients were mainly treated with radical therapies (resection and percutaneous ablation). METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 187 HCCs observed at a single Institution from 1990 and 1999 was performed. By using survival time as the only outcome measure (Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression), the performance of any prognostic system was assessed according the criteria of discriminatory and stratification abilities between different stages, homogeneity of survival within each stage and additional explanatory power respect to the other classifications. RESULTS: In the particular cohort studied, BCLC proved the best HCC prognostic system. This was true for the whole study group and for the 2 subgroups of surgical and non-surgical patients. CONCLUSIONS: BCLC staging showed the best interpretation of the survival distribution in an HCC population comprising a large proportion of tumors treated with potentially radical therapies.