Branching and nucleokinesis defects in migrating interneurons derived from doublecortin knockout mice

Type I lissencephaly results from mutations in the doublecortin (DCX) and LIS1 genes. We generated Dcx knockout mice to further understand the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with this cortical malformation. Dcx is expressed in migrating interneurons in developing human and mouse brains. Video microscopy analyses of such tangentially migrating neuron populations derived from the medial ganglionic eminence show defects in migratory dynamics. Specifically, the formation and division of growth cones, leading to the production of new branches, are more frequent in knockout cells, although branches are less stable. Dcx-deficient cells thus migrate in a disorganized manner, extending and retracting short branches and making less long-distant movements of the nucleus. Despite these differences, migratory speeds and distances remain similar to wild-type cells. These novel data thus highlight a role for Dcx, a microtubule-associated protein enriched at the leading edge in the branching and nucleokinesis of migrating interneurons.     

石花炮制工艺优化研究

目的：根据石花的蒙医炮制目的,优化石花炮制工艺。方法：在老蒙医大夫的指导下,以药材的脆性为指标,通过水分含量的监控,优化传统炮制方法的最佳工艺条件,同时借鉴最佳传统炮制品,确立石花炮制烘干法。结果：石花微炒炮制方法的适宜条件为110℃﹑3min。在此条件下其水分含量均在4.14%～4.63%之间,重复性较好。水洗处理后石花炮制品的总灰分虽然没有明显改变,但酸不溶性灰分有明显下降,下降率可达到5%。烘法的最佳条件为60℃、3h。结论：建议蒙药石花炮制前水洗处理,微炒的适宜条件为110℃﹑3min;烘法的最佳条件为60℃和3h;炮制品水分应控制在4.1%～5.0%之间。第二种方法方便易行,工时短,有利于规模化生产。     

三脂清中7种成分的含量测定及醇提工艺优化

目的 采用HPLC-MS/MS同时测定蒙药三脂清中胡椒碱、荜茇宁、柯里拉京、没食子酸、鞣花酸、槲皮素、芦丁的含量，并优化三脂清的醇提工艺。方法 采用Shim-pack GIST-HP C₁₈色谱柱（2.1 mm×100 mm，3 mm），以0.1%甲酸水溶液-甲醇为流动相，梯度洗脱，流速为0.25 mL·min^-1，进样量2 μL；质谱采用电喷雾离子源，正、负离子扫描切换，多重反应监测模式进行定量分析。采用L₉（3⁴）正交试验设计，以上述7种成分含量的综合评分为考察指标，以料液比、乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取次数为考察因素进行三脂清醇提工艺优化。结果 三脂清中7种成分的峰面积和质量浓度在一定范围内均呈现良好的线性关系（r ≥ 0.999 1），仪器精密度、重复性、稳定性试验的RSD均<5%；加样回收率为99.54%~105.32%，RSD为1.39%~4.33%。最佳醇提工艺条件为料液比1：8，乙醇浓度40%，提取时间0.5 h，提取3次。3次放大试验验证结果显示，上述7种成分的平均含量分别为9.852，0.587，16.247，3.657，8.663，0.119，0.104 mg·g^-1。结论 建立的方法简便、灵敏、高效，可用于三脂清中多种主要活性成分的含量测定；优化所得的醇提取工艺稳定、可行。     

需要与可能——向颅面外科进军

“需要”是指患者的需要、临床工作的需要，“可能”是指口腔颌面外科医师可能开展颅面外科手术吗？1984／2008，我们共完成颅面外科手术1000余例，是国内开展颅面外科手术早、病例最多的一所口腔医院．我们与西京医院神经外科、眼科、耳鼻喉科共同协作并开展新手术，治疗了各专科难以治疗的患者，取得了很好的效果．     

Physiological characteristics of top level off-road motorcyclists

Objectives: The study aims to analyse the physiological characteristics of top level off-road motocross, enduro, and desert rally motorcyclists to facilitate the design of a specific training program. Results: The physical demands of the various races appear to influence the development of distinct musculoskeletal characteristics, as well as aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Motocross riders have more muscle mass, higher isokinetic handgrip strength, and greater aerobic power than enduro and desert rally riders. However, there are no significant anthropometric and physiological differences between desert rally and enduro riders. Desert rally riders tend to be overweight with maximum aerobic power similar to that of healthy individuals. The mechanical characteristics of the motorcycle and the technical and tactical skills of the riders seem to be more important for race success than the metabolic capabilities of the rider. Conclusions: Desert rally and enduro riders present similar anthropometric and physiological characteristics. Both have a maximum aerobic power similar to that of healthy normal individuals, although desert rally riders tend to be overweight. Motocross riders on the other hand, have more muscle mass, more strength, and greater aerobic power. The differences observed suggest the need for a specific training program to address the requirements of different riders to reduce the possibility of injury.     

Reoperation after autologous chondrocyte implantation. Indications and findings

We have reviewed 22 patients from a total of 135 treated by autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) who had undergone further surgery for pain in the knee and mechanical symptoms after a mean of 10.5 months. There were 31 grafted lesions. At operation the findings included lifting (24/31) and detachment (3/31) of periosteal patches for which arthroscopic shaving was performed. Chondroplasty was undertaken on two new lesions, another required an ACI and a further patient required trimming of a meniscus. The mechanical symptoms resolved within two weeks. At the last review, two to 14 months from reoperation; 68% had improved, and 86% had normal or nearly normal IKDC scores. Of the 31 lesions, 30 (97%) had normal or nearly normal visual repair scores. Biopsy showed good integration with subchondral bone and the marginal interface in all specimens, most of which showed hyaline or hyaline-like cartilage (70%). Troublesome mechanical symptoms required surgery in 13% of ACI-treated patients and were attributed to periosteal extrusion. Simple arthroscopic debridement was curative.     

A post-processing algorithm to reduce metallic clip artifacts in CT images

Computed tomography images of cross sections containing metallic implants, such as prosthetic devices or tooth fillings, often have severe artifacts. Such artifacts may hinder medical diagnosis. We present an algorithm to reduce these artifacts. The algorithm involves the convolution back projection and its adjoint, the forward projection. It has two phases — the first phase is a crude correction compensating for beam hardening caused by the metallic objects, and the second a refinement phase. In this second phase, a topological transposition method is introduced in order to replace line integral data going through the metallic objects with the modified corresponding data of a model created from the last image reconstructed in the first phase. A significant improvement in image quality has been observed in both phantom and clinical studies.