Nationwide survey of neonatal transportation practices in Japan

Rapid resuscitation and appropriate transportation of sick infants can greatly improve infant survival and neurological prognosis. To gain an understanding of the status of neonatal transport in Japan, we conducted a survey of neonatal transportation capabilities at perinatal medical centers across the country. Survey content included the number of neonatal transportation cases and the method of transportation. Twenty percent of infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units were transported to the medical centers from other institutions. Half of the level III perinatal medical centers owned an ambulance specialized for neonatal transport. A total of 36% of sick newborns, however, were transported by fire department ambulances that are ill‐equipped to care for infants. Thirteen percent of centers reported problems with the emergency transportation of newborns in fire department ambulances. Centers lacked specialized ambulances primarily because of financial constraints. Adequate medical insurance coverage is needed to increase the number of specialized ambulances at perinatal medical centers.     

Interferon-beta reduces the mouse liver fibrosis induced by repeated administration of concanavalin A via the direct and indirect effects

Type I interferons (IFNs), IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, are widely used for treating chronic hepatitis C. Although retrospective studies have suggested that type I IFNs have direct antifibrotic effects, little is known about these mechanisms. The present study was designed to clarify the preventive mechanisms of type I IFNs in the progression of fibrosis for the establishment of a more effective therapy. A murine fibrosis model comprising immunological reactions was induced by the administration of concanavalin A (0.3 mg/body) into mice once a week for 4 weeks. Liver injury and the degree of fibrosis were determined by measuring the serum alanine aminotransferase activities and liver hydroxyproline contents with or without IFN-beta pretreatment. IFN-beta suppressed the hepatocellular injury and increased the hydroxyproline content induced by repeated concanavalin A injections, but had no effect on established fibrosis. Furthermore, IFN-beta reduced the expressions of transforming growth factor-beta, basic fibroblast growth factor, collagen type I A2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 messenger RNAs, which are related to the progression of liver fibrosis. The IFN-beta reduced the liver injury and fibrosis induced by immunological reactions. These data suggest that type I IFNs suppress the progression of cirrhosis through inhibition of repeated hepatocellular injury and/or factors that promote the liver fibrosis induced by hepatitis virus infection.     

Rapid determination of viral RNA sequences in mosquitoes collected in the field

A method for rapid determination of viral RNA sequences (RDV) was applied to homogenates of Aedes aegypti collected in Thailand in an area in which dengue fever (dengue hemorrhagic fever) is endemic, using the mosquito cell line C6/36. Nucleic acid sequences of dengue virus type 4 and cell fusing agent virus were detected. This RDV method has the potential to become a standard method for detection of both known and newly emerging, unknown mosquito-borne viruses.     

125I-glucagon-degrading activity in acid-saline extracts of rat salivary gland

Summary The antibody-binding ability of the glucagon-like substance in rat submaxillary gland acid saline extract was examined by affinity chromatography, and the biological activity studied using the isolated liver perfusion method. We found that the glucagon-like substances in acid saline extract could not be bound to anti-glucagon antibody and that the gel-filtration peak on ultrogel AcA 54 could increase neither glucose nor cyclic AMP output from isolated perfused rat liver. Furthermore, the radioactivity peak of ¹²⁵I-glucagon on Bio Gel P-6 column chromatography moved from its original position and eluted in later fractions after incubation with an acid saline extract of the submaxillary gland. In consequence, there was ¹²⁵I-glucagon degrading activity in the submaxillary gland, but no glucagon-related peptide. Therefore, it is suggested that the glucagon-like substance, which has been reported in acid saline extract of the rat salivary gland, may be an artifact due to tracer degrading activity.