美国HIV/AIDS专科护士的资格认证及启示

阐述了美国HIV/AIDS认证注册护士及高级认证注册护士的资格认证准入要求、考试形式、考核内容、认证机构及继续认证等方面的内容。提出美国HIV/AIDS护士资格认证对我国HIV/AIDS专业护士在认证准入资格、考核内容、认证机构等方面具有重要的借鉴、指导作用,并有利于促进我国HIV/AIDS护理事业专业化、护理人才专科化的发展进程。     

速度向量成像技术评价正常人左室舒张功能及其参考值范围

目的探讨应用速度向量成像技术(VVI)评价正常人的左室舒张功能并确定其正常参考值范围。方法结合超声、NT-BNP、临床症状等指标筛选健康人97名,使用西门子公司的Acuson Sequoia C512超声心动仪,采用VVI测量静息状态下左室二尖瓣环水平6个壁:室间隔、侧壁、前壁、下壁、前间隔、后壁的心肌舒张早期速度(E),脱机后进入VVI工作站操作界面采用盲法对图像进行VVI分析并计算平均值Em,测出E/Em,对正常人群的参考值范围给出参考界定。结果 97例正常人E/Em的参考值范围(单侧界限取95%界限)为(1,22.935);男性、女性E/Em参考值范围分别为(1,22.300)和(1,24.766);50岁以下男性、女性E/Em参考值范围分别为(1,22.413)和(1,24.314);50岁以上男性、女性E/Em参考值范围分别为(1,15.410)和(1,24.870)。结论 VVI作为一种新的超声技术,是无创性评价左室舒张功能的好方法,为临床准确评价左室舒张功能提供了一种可靠手段。     

介入手术联合口服培哚普利治疗血液透析患者动静脉瘘功能不良的疗效

目的 探讨经皮血管成形术(percutaneous transluminal angioplasty,PTA)治疗血液透析动静脉内瘘狭窄的有效性,比较介入手术后联合培哚普利对再次狭窄率的影响.方法 对17例自体血管动静脉内瘘狭窄患者行血管造影,其中15例行PTA.7例患者PTA术后每日口服培哚普利8 mg,7例患者未服用任何血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor,ACEI)和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(angiotensin receptor blocker,ARB).术后对患者进行随访,观察球囊扩张术的并发症、技术成功率、临床成功率和半年通畅率.结果 17例患者均在动静脉内瘘成熟并使用3个月以上发生功能不良,造影见狭窄多位于动静脉吻合口附近及头静脉透析用穿刺段.经PTA治疗后,造影显示狭窄段血管扩张、再通,治疗技术成功率达86.7％ (13/15),临床成功率达93.3％(14/15).2例患者因为导丝无法通过近乎闭塞段血管而选择其他手术方式.穿刺部位血肿2例,无医源性血管破裂,无继发血栓形成.随访6个月,14例获得临床成功的患者内瘘半年通畅率为64.3％,其中培哚普利组发生再次狭窄1例,对照组发生再次狭窄4例.结论 PTA是治疗动静脉内瘘狭窄安全、有效及微创的方法,联合口服培哚普利可能有助于降低术后再次狭窄率.     

不监测胃残留量对ICU行肠内营养患者影响的系统评价

目的探讨不监测胃残留量对ICU行肠内营养患者的影响,为临床开展肠内营养护理提供循证依据。方法计算机检索有关不监测胃残留量对ICU行肠内营养患者影响的随机对照试验(RCT)文献,按Cochrane协作网的系统评价方法筛选文献、评价纳入文献质量,使用RevMan5.3软件进行统计分析。结果共纳入5篇RCT,878例研究对象。Meta分析结果显示,不监测胃残留量患者呕吐、腹胀发生率显著高于常规监测胃残留量患者,而喂养不耐受发生率显著降低(均P0.01);不监测胃残留量对肺炎、腹泻、误吸发生率及机械通气时间、住院时间等无影响(均P0.05),对营养摄入量有影响。结论ICU行肠内营养患者不监测胃残留量对其肺炎、误吸及腹泻发生率无明显影响,其呕吐和腹胀发生风险增加,喂养不耐受发生率降低,营养摄入量得到保障。受纳入研究数量和质量限制,研究结果尚需进行大样本、高质量、多中心的RCT加以论证。     

Transforming brain signals related to value evaluation and self‐control into behavioral choices

The processes involved in value evaluation and self‐control are critical when making behavioral choices. However, the evidence linking these two types of processes to behavioral choices in intertemporal decision‐making remains elusive. As the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), striatum, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) have been associated with these two processes, we focused on these three regions. We employed functional magnetic resonance imaging during a delayed discounting task (DDT) using a relatively large sample size, three independent samples. We evaluated how much information about a specific choice could be decoded from local patterns in each brain area using multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA). To investigate the relationship between the dlPFC and vmPFC/striatum regions, we performed a psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis. In Experiment I, we found that the vmPFC and dlPFC, but not the striatum, could determine choices in healthy participants. Furthermore, we found that the dlPFC showed significant functional connectivity with the vmPFC, but not the striatum, when making decisions. These results could be replicated in Experiment II with an independent sample of healthy participants. In Experiment III, the choice‐decoding accuracy in the vmPFC and dlPFC was lower in patients with addiction (smokers and participants with Internet gaming disorder) than in healthy participants, and decoding accuracy in the dlPFC was related to impulsivity in addicts. Taken together, our findings may provide neural evidence supporting the hypothesis that value evaluation and self‐control processes both guide the intertemporal choices, and might provide potential neural targets for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsivity‐related brain disorders.     

护理差错原因分析与对策

目的:探讨护理差错发生的原因及对策,最大限度地控制和防范护理差错的发生.方法:采用自行设计的问卷,对我院31个临床科室护士长进行填表式问卷调查,以了解我院2008-2010年护理差错发生情况,并进行原因分析.结果:护理差错的发生与护理人员紧缺、护士业务素质和技术水平、护士长管理、规章制度执行不严以及护士工龄、职称、责任心等因素有关.结论:全面分析发生护理差错的原因,采取有效的防范措施,对减少护理差错的发生,确保医疗安全,有着十分重要的意义.     

Suppression of Human Liver Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion via the GABAA Receptor

Objective To investigate the roles of theγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) in the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and to explore the potential of a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of HCC. Methods The expression levels of GABA receptor subunit genes in various HCC cell lines and patients’ tissues were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis.Transwell cell migration and invasion assays were carried out for functional analysis.The effects of GABA on liver cancer cell cytoskeletal were determined by immunofluorescence staining. And the effects of GABA on HCC metastasis in nude mice were evaluated using an in vivo orthotopic model of liver cancer. Results The mRNA level of GABA receptor subunits varied between the primary hepatocellular carcinoma tissue and the adjacent non-tumor liver tissue.GABA inhibited human liver cancer cell migration and invasion via the ionotropic GABAa receptor as a result of the induction of liver cancer cell cytoskeletal reorganization.Pretreatment with GABA also significantly reduced intrahepatic liver metastasis and primary tumor formation in vivo. Conclusions These findings introduce a potential and novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer patients based on the modulation of the GABAergic system.     

一种新的链霉菌表达载体启动子

eryA基因直接控制着红霉素母环6-脱氧-红霉内酯B的合成,在红霉素生物合成过程中具有重要作用。本文克隆了eryA基因的启动子PeryA,以绿色荧光蛋白基因为报告基因,构建了大肠埃希菌-糖多孢红霉菌穿梭型质粒。PEG介导原生质体转化法将穿梭型质粒分别转入糖多孢红霉菌A226与变铅青链霉菌JT46,荧光显微镜检测发现,此启动子在两菌株中都具有功能。随后,以变铅青链霉菌JT46为宿主,对PeryA启动子区域进行了深入研究,结果发现该启动子的-35区并不是必需的,仅有-10区、长度为41bp的该启动子在链霉菌中仍具有功能。定点突变证明-10区对于该启动子是必不可少的。因此,41bp的该启动子片段可作为链霉菌的有效启动子,这是迄今为止所发现的最短的启动子之一,可用于构建新的链霉菌表达载体。     

Homeostatic proliferation plus regulatory T-cell depletion promotes potent rejection of B16 melanoma.

PURPOSE: To investigate the antitumor efficacy of T-cell anergy reversal through homeostatic proliferation and regulatory T-cell (Treg) depletion in a clinically relevant murine adoptive immunotherapy model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: B16 melanoma cells were engineered to express the model SIYRYYGL (SIY) antigen to enable immune monitoring. Tumor-specific T cells expanded in tumor-challenged wild-type hosts but became hyporesponsive. To examine whether lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation could reverse tumor-induced T-cell anergy, total splenic T cells were transferred into lymphopenic RAG2-/- mice or control P14/RAG2-/- mice. Tumor growth was measured, and SIY-specific immune responses were monitored using ELISPOT and SIY/K(b) tetramers. To determine whether Treg depletion could synergize with homeostatic proliferation, RAG2-/- mice received total or CD25-depleted T cells, followed or preceded by B16.SIY challenge. This approach was further investigated in wild-type mice lymphodepleted with sublethal total body irradiation. RESULTS: Adoptive transfer of total splenic T cells into RAG2-/- mice moderately affected the growth rate of B16.SIY. As Treg expansion occurred in tumor-bearing mice, CD25+ T cells were depleted from total T cells before adoptive transfer. Interestingly, transfer of CD25-depleted T cells into RAG2-/- mice resulted in potent rejection of B16 melanoma in both prophylactic and short-term preimplanted tumor settings and was associated with maintained T-cell effector function. Using a clinically applicable approach, wild-type mice were lymphodepleted using sublethal total body irradiation, which similarly supported tumor rejection upon transfer of CD25-depleted T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that combined CD25 depletion and homeostatic proliferation support a potent antitumor immune response--an approach with potential for clinical translation.