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11.
12.
Reliability and validity of the Biodex system 3 pro isokinetic dynamometer velocity,torque and position measurements 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Drouin JM Valovich-mcLeod TC Shultz SJ Gansneder BM Perrin DH 《European journal of applied physiology》2004,91(1):22-29
This study quantitatively assessed the mechanical reliability and validity of position, torque and velocity measurements of the Biodex System 3 isokinetic dynamometer. Trial-to-trial and day-to-day reliability were assessed during three trials on two separate days. To assess instrument validity, measurement of each variable using the Biodex System 3 dynamometer was compared to a criterion measure of position, torque and velocity. Position was assessed at 5° increments across the available range of motion of the dynamometer. Torque measures were assessed isometrically by hanging six different calibrated weights from the lever arm. Velocity was assessed (30°/s to 500°/s) across a 70° arc of motion by manually accelerating the weighted lever arm. With the exception of a systematic decrease in velocity at speeds of 300°/s and higher, the Biodex System 3 performed with acceptable mechanical reliability and validity on all variables tested.DisclosureThe Biodex dynamometer used for this investigation was donated to the laboratory by Biodex Medical Systems. The authors have no commercial or proprietary interest in this device. 相似文献
13.
Oleg A. Ivashkevich Pavel. N. Gaponik Tamara B. Kovalyova Nonna I. Makarevich Natalia I. Sushko 《Macromolecular chemistry and physics.》1992,193(6):1369-1376
Three novel monomers: 2-ethyl-, 2-isopropyl- and 2-tert-butyl-5-vinyltetrazole were synthesized. The copolymerizations of these monomers and 2-methyl-5-vinyltetrazole with styrene and methyl methacrylate were examined and the corresponding reactivity ratios r1, r2 and the Alfrey-Price Q, e values estimated. The obtained results, together with IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR data and quantum-chemical calculations of vinyltetrazole molecules by the AM-1 method, indicate that the type and the size of the substituent does not essentially influence the reactivity of 2-alkyl-5-vinyltetrazoles in radical copolymerization with vinyl monomers. 相似文献
14.
Wilkins JC Valovich McLeod TC Perrin DH Gansneder BM 《Journal of Athletic Training》2004,39(2):156-161
OBJECTIVE: To determine the immediate effects of a whole-body fatigue protocol on performance of the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), a postural-stability test commonly used as part of a concussion-assessment battery. DESIGN AND SETTING: Subjects were assigned to a fatigue or control group and were assessed before and immediately after a 20-minute fatigue protocol or rest period. SUBJECTS: Fourteen fatigue subjects and 13 control subjects participated in this study. All subjects were male and free of vestibular disorders, and none had suffered a mild head injury or lower extremity injury in the preceding 6 months, as described through self-report. MEASUREMENTS: We measured performance on the BESS for 9 stance-surface conditions and summed each condition to obtain a total score. Using the Borg scale, we also measured ratings of perceived exertion before, during, and after the fatigue protocol or rest period. RESULTS: We found a significant increase in total errors from pretest to posttest in the fatigue group (14.36 +/- 4.73 versus 16.93 +/- 4.32), a significant decrease in errors in the control group (13.32 +/- 3.77 versus 11.08 +/- 3.88), and a significant difference between groups on the posttest. The rating of perceived exertion scores were significantly different between the fatigue and control groups at the middle (13.29 +/- 1.59 versus 6.23 +/- 0.83) and end (15.86 +/- 2.38 versus 6.15 +/- 0.55) of the fatigue or rest period. CONCLUSIONS: The BESS error scores increased immediately after the fatigue protocol, demonstrating that balance ability diminished. Clinicians who use the BESS as part of their sideline assessment for concussion should not administer the test immediately after a concussion due to the effects of fatigue. 相似文献
15.
Elena I. Sklyanskaya Irina A. Rudneva Tamara S. Vovk N. V. Kaverin 《Archives of virology》1980,65(3-4):257-267
Summary In influenza virus-infected MDCK cells labelled with14C-chlorella hydrolysate or35S-methionine a virus-specific protein component is revealed migrating slightly faster than HA protein in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under chase conditions the component disappears either completely or partially, with a concomitant intensification of the HA band. The rate and extent of this transition are strain-dependent. Both the HA band and the faster moving component are not revealed if the cells are labelled in the presence of 20mM of D-glucosamine. In primary cell cultures of chick embryos a single HA band with a mobility similar to that of the faster moving component in MDCK cells has been observed. It is suggested that the transition of the label from the faster moving component to the HA band reflects the final step of HA processing specific for MDCK cells.With 7 Figures 相似文献
16.
Vyshkina T Shugart YY Birnbaum G Leist TP Kalman B 《European journal of human genetics : EJHG》2005,13(2):240-247
Linkage studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) identified several susceptibility loci. One of these regions includes chromosome 17q11 where a meta-analysis of data from three genome scans suggested linkage. This region encodes a cluster of genes for beta-chemokines or CC chemokine ligands (CCLs), which may be involved in the development of MS lesions. Here we aimed to test if CCL alleles and haplotypes are associated with MS. Using methods of linkage and association, we observed deviations from the expected 50% transmission of haplotypes from unaffected parents to their affected children at CCL2, CCL11-CCL8-CCL13 and CCL3 within the investigated 1.85 MB chromosomal segment. Analyses of the linkage disequilibrium map support that variants with possible relevance to MS can be located within these subregions. Identification of MS associated CCL variants may have direct clinical significance, as it can lead to the design of small competitive antagonists of these molecules with beneficial effects in the treatment of patients with early and active disease. 相似文献
17.
Valovich McLeod TC 《Journal of Athletic Training》2005,40(2):123-125
Reference: Dunning J, Batchelor J, Stratford-Smith P, et al. A meta-analysis of variables that predict significant intracranial injury in minor head trauma. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89:653–659.Clinical Question: Which clinical signs or symptoms of minor head trauma are predictive of intracranial hemorrhage in children and adolescents?Data Sources: Investigations were identified by MEDLINE and EMBASE searches from 1990 through 2002 by a search of the grey literature and by contacting experts for additional papers. The search terms were selected to find all studies reporting intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) or complications after head trauma.Study Selection: A full systematic review was conducted, and all cohort or nested cohort studies that presented data on minor head injuries in children less than 18 years old, with or without ICH, were identified. Studies were then judged for inclusion based on the presentation of a series of at least 100 patients and a documented reliable standard for the detection of ICH for all patients in the study. The use of computed tomography (CT) and medical follow-up was considered an acceptable gold standard. Intracranial hemorrhage was defined as any abnormality detected on the CT scan due to the traumatic presence of extravascular blood. Minor head trauma was defined as patients presenting with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13–15.Data Extraction: Seven clinical correlates were used for data extraction, including skull fracture, headache, vomiting, focal neurology, seizure, loss of consciousness, and a GCS score of less than 15. Data were analyzed using a pooled estimate of the relative risk ratio with a random-effects model.Main Results: The searches identified a total of 2134 studies for the initial review. After an abstract review by 2 independent examiners, 98 studies were identified for a full-paper review. Each study was graded on a 4-point scale according to the level of evidence provided, using scales consistent with the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine and the National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Thirty-four of these articles were of adequate quality for inclusion; however, many did not include data that could be separated into a specific data set for children, had too small a sample size, or lacked enough data on individual correlates to head trauma. Nineteen studies provided data on children, but 3 of these were excluded due to poor quality or lack of a reported CT scan, leaving a total of 16 studies for the meta-analysis.The analysis included a total of 22 420 patients ranging between 0 and 18 years of age. The meta-analysis showed a significant increased relative risk of ICH for patients sustaining loss of consciousness (2.23), GCS <15 (5.51), skull fracture (6.13), and focal neurology (9.43). No significant increases in risk for headache (1.02), vomiting (0.878), or seizure (2.82) were noted; however, heterogeneity was significant for this last correlate. The prevalence of ICH ranged from 1.3 to 36%, supporting the notion of a large amount of heterogeneity or variability in the inclusion criteria among the studies.Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that loss of consciousness, decreased level of consciousness (GCS <15), skull fracture, and focal neurology are risk factors for ICH in the pediatric population. However, these findings are not definitive enough to establish pediatric head-injury guidelines regarding CT scanning or admission to hospital after minor head trauma.COMMENTARYAlthough intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) after mild head injury is a rare occurrence in athletes, certified athletic trainers (ATCs) must be aware of the signs and symptoms of all severities of head trauma, including ICH. The initial role of the ATC when there is a suspected head injury is the detection of focal traumatic brain injury (TBI), including epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, cerebral contusion, and intracerebral hemorrhage and hematoma.1,2 To successfully recognize these potentially life-threatening head injuries, the ATC must understand the various presentations of athletes with head injuries and the signs and symptoms that often accompany them, such as loss of consciousness (LOC), cranial nerve deficits, decreasing mental status, and worsening symptoms.1Dunning et al3 presented a meta-analysis that has direct relevance to the practice of athletic training and the management of minor head injuries. Understanding the potential risk factors for ICH is an important step in ensuring adequate referral to medical professionals and a quick diagnosis of possible ICH. Often, the ATC must decide whether an athlete should be referred to the emergency room once he or she has sustained a mild head injury and, once at the emergency room, physicians need to decide on a course of diagnostics. This is even more of a concern in the pediatric athlete because of the potential for both short-term and long-term complications in the still-developing brain.4–7 As a general rule, failure of an athlete''s mental status to clear rapidly should lead to a referral for neuroimaging.8 With the suspicion of focal TBI, CT scans have been recommended as the neuroimaging modality of choice because they can easily detect acute blood collection and skull fracture.8It is important to note that differences exist between sport-related minor head trauma and minor head trauma from additional mechanisms, such as motor vehicle accidents, falls, and other accidents. None of the studies used by Dunning et al3 were investigations of sport-related minor head injury. Minor head injuries that produce ICH or any of the clinical correlates found to be significant predictors of ICH (LOC, focal neurology, Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] <15, or skull fracture) are rare in athletes.2 In fact, recent authors have reported that only 6.3 to 8.9% of collegiate athletes experienced LOC after a concussion.9–11 Regardless of the rarity of focal TBI and injuries that result in ICH during athletics, it is imperative that these injuries be ruled out by the ATC.Based on this meta-analysis, the correlates identified as predictors of ICH included LOC, a GCS score of <15, focal neurology, and a skull fracture. Fortunately, the presence of these clinical signs and symptoms in an athlete would warrant physician referral based on the recommendations made in the National Athletic Trainers'' Association position statement on sport-related concussion and other recommendations for on-field management of head trauma.1,2,8 Even though headache and vomiting were not predictive of ICH, documenting these and other signs and symptoms of mild head trauma should be part of the ATC''s assessment protocol.1,12,13 By quantifying the number of signs and symptoms present as well as the frequency and/or duration of these signs and symptoms, the ATC can track the recovery of the athlete and use the information for referral if the athlete does not demonstrate improvement. In addition, the ATC should use age-appropriate adjunct assessments, including neurocognitive testing7,14–18 (traditional pen-and-paper neuropsychological tests, ImPACT [Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA], ANAM [Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics, National Rehabilitation Hospital Assistive Technology and Neuroscience Center, Washington, DC], Concussion Resolution Index [HeadMinder Inc, New York, NY], Standardized Assessment of Concussion [CNS Inc, Waukesha, WI]) and postural stability testing18 to aid in the decision-making process.The findings of Dunning et al3 provide insight into specific risk factors the ATC should look for when evaluating minor head trauma in children and adolescents. The presence of any of the significant predictors should warrant immediate referral. The authors also acknowledge that other signs and symptoms (eg, dizziness, drowsiness, confusion) could be predictive of ICH; however, these factors had not been adequately investigated in the pediatric literature identified for this meta-analysis and therefore were not included. This factor, along with the variability in the inclusion criteria, timing of CT scans, and differences in the ICH definitions in the individual studies are limitations of this meta-analysis. Another potential limitation regarding the predictive value of the headache variable to ICH stems from a lack of information regarding the severity of the headaches reported in the individual studies. Some evidence suggests a relationship between severe headaches and ICH19; therefore, headache severity should also be questioned during the clinical examination. Several other limitations of this meta-analysis include no listing of specific medical subject headings terms used to search the databases, not describing the duration of LOC from the various studies used, and not adequately describing or defining the specific types of focal neurology used as a correlate. However, other authors have described focal neurologic changes as including posturing and dilating pupils.2Although this meta-analysis offers medical professionals working with children and adolescents one interpretation of the evidence regarding clinical risk factors predictive of ICH, it does not provide strong enough evidence to alter the current head-injury management and CT scanning protocols for children.20 Future studies should address the limitations outlined by Dunning et al3 to better determine the predictive value of various clinical signs and symptoms of minor head trauma in the pediatric population. 相似文献
18.
Gordon M. Dickinson Timothy J. Cleary Tamara Sanderson Michael R. McGinnis 《Journal of clinical microbiology》1983,17(1):155-158
A case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in a human, involving the ankle and caused by Scytalidium lignicola, is described. The isolate was found to be sensitive to amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, miconazole, and ketoconazole in vitro. 相似文献
19.
Gail Shor-Posner Christopher Ian Glen Brennan Tamara Cohn Harvey Moy Autumn Ning Sarah F. Leibowitz 《Physiology & behavior》1991,50(6):1187-1195
Analyses of natural feeding behavior in albino male Sprague-Dawley rats demonstrate that, when allowed to self-select from pure macronutrient diets (protein, carbohydrate and fat), these rats of the same genetic strain can be categorized into 3 subpopulations according to either their 24-h or their 12-h nocturnal patterns of nutrient intake. A majority of the animals (HC for high carbohydrate, 50% of the total population) consumed a diet rich in carbohydrate relative to protein or fat, while a smaller population of rats (HF, 30%) preferred the fat diet, and an even smaller population (HP, 20%) chose a high-protein diet. These 3 subpopulations, after a few weeks of maintenance on the diets, differed in their body weight, with the HF rats having a higher body weight than the HP animals, who tended to weigh more than the lightest HC rats. Whereas all subgroups exhibited a similar bimodal distribution of feeding during the nocturnal cycle, with peaks during the early and late dark periods, they were distinguishable on the basis of their nutrient consumption during specific phases of the dark cycle. This difference was most apparent in the early dark phase, when the 3 subgroups exhibited exaggerated preferences for the specific nutrient that was generally preferred over the 24-h cycle. This is in contrast to the middle dark phase, when diet preferences were attenuated or lost, and the late dark phase, when most rats were similar in showing an increased preference for protein and fat and a decreased preference for carbohydrate. The HF group was further distinguished by an unusually strong burst of feeding during the first 2 h of the dark period and an extra peak of feeding in the middle dark period (7th h), both of which were relatively high in fat content. 相似文献
20.
Franz EA Packman T 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2004,157(2):174-180
This study examined the hypothesis that the mirror reflection of one hands movement directly influences motor output of the other (hidden) hand, during performance of bimanual drawing. A mirror was placed between the two hands during bimanual circle drawing, with one hand and its reflection visible and the other hand hidden. Bimanual spatial coupling was enhanced by the mirror reflection, as shown by measures of circle size. Effects of the mirror reflection differed significantly from effects of vision to one hand alone, but did not differ from a control task performed in full vision. There was no evidence of a consistent phase lead of the visible hand, which indicates that the observed effects on spatial coupling were immediate and not based on time-consuming feedback processes. We argue that visual mirror symmetry fools the brain into believing it sees both hands moving rather than one. Consequently, the spatial properties of movement of the two hands become more similar through a process that is virtually automatic. 相似文献