Relative importance of indigenous medicinal plants from Layyah district,Punjab Province,Pakistan

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Ethnomedicinal reports are important for the discovery of new crude drugs from reported medicinal plants with high use value. The current study aimed to document the medicinal flora as well as medicinal knowledge of indigenous plants of local communities from Layyah district, Punjab Province, Pakistan.

Material and methods

Rapid appraisal approach (RAA), semi-structured interviews, group meetings with herbalists, landowners and local people having awareness about the medicinal action of plants were employed to collect the data. Use values (UV) and frequency of citation (FC) were calculated to check the relative importance of plants.

Results and discussions

The current ethnomedicinal study reported 125 medicinal plant species diversified from 106 genus belonging to the 43 different families and Poaceae was the predominant family over others with 16 reported medicinal plants. Wild herbaceous plants were the predominant over other life forms while among plant parts, leaves contributed 32% followed by the stem (27%), fruit and flowers (15%). Allium sativum exhibited the highest use vale (UV) 0.92 while the lowest UV was exhibited by Lasiurus scindicus which was 0.15.

Conclusion

Local communities of district Layyah still have a strong faith on herbal medicines for basic healthcare needs. Indigenous plants having high UV and FC should be subjected to the detailed phytochemical investigations to explore new natural drugs.     

The Peculiar Epidemiology of Dracunculiasis in Chad

Dracunculiasis was rediscovered in Chad in 2010 after an apparent absence of 10 years. In April 2012 active village-based surveillance was initiated to determine where, when, and how transmission of the disease was occurring, and to implement interventions to interrupt it. The current epidemiologic pattern of the disease in Chad is unlike that seen previously in Chad or other endemic countries, i.e., no clustering of cases by village or association with a common water source, the average number of worms per person was small, and a large number of dogs were found to be infected. Molecular sequencing suggests these infections were all caused by Dracunculus medinensis. It appears that the infection in dogs is serving as the major driving force sustaining transmission in Chad, that an aberrant life cycle involving a paratenic host common to people and dogs is occurring, and that the cases in humans are sporadic and incidental.     

Isolated Roux loop pancreaticojejunostomy versus pancreaticogastrostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a prospective randomized study

Objectives

The optimal strategy for the reconstruction of the pancreas following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is still debated. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of isolated Roux loop pancreaticojejunostomy (IRPJ) with those of pancreaticogastrostomy (PG) after PD.

Methods

Consecutive patients submitted to PD were randomized to either method of reconstruction. The primary outcome measure was the rate of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF). Secondary outcomes included operative time, day to resumption of oral feeding, postoperative morbidity and mortality, and exocrine and endocrine pancreatic functions.

Results

Ninety patients treated by PD were included in the study. The median total operative time was significantly longer in the IRPJ group (320 min versus 300 min; P = 0.047). Postoperative pancreatic fistula developed in nine of 45 patients in the IRPJ group and 10 of 45 patients in the PG group (P = 0.796). Seven IRPJ patients and four PG patients had POPF of type B or C (P = 0.710). Time to resumption of oral feeding was shorter in the IRPJ group (P = 0.03). Steatorrhea at 1 year was reported in nine of 42 IRPJ patients and 18 of 41 PG patients (P = 0.029). Albumin levels at 1 year were 3.6 g/dl in the IRPJ group and 3.3 g/dl in the PG group (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Isolated Roux loop PJ was not associated with a lower rate of POPF, but was associated with a decrease in the incidence of postoperative steatorrhea. The technique allowed for early oral feeding and the maintenance of oral feeding even if POPF developed.     

Effect of Aging on Human Circulatory System in Normotensive Healthy Subjects

Aging is associated with degenerative changes in cardiac and endothelial function (EF). This study was done to assess whether age-related changes take place on EF, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), blood pressure (BP), and echocardiographic measurements. All volunteers were healthy normotensive healthy subjects. They were divided into three groups. Group 1, young adults: < 40 years old; Group 2, middle age: between 40 and 60 years old; Group 3, elderly: > 60 years old. High-frequency vascular ultrasound was used to assess the baseline brachial artery dimension and flow velocity after reactive hyperemia. The carotid IMT and echocardiographic measurements including Doppler variables were recorded in all subjects. Systolic BP, left ventricular mass, and left ventricular end-diastolic volume increased progressively with age (p < 0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction decreased progressively with age (male, p = 0.034; female, p = 0.001); E/A ratio of the left ventricular flow spectrum declined with age (p < 0.001). The ultrasonic EF variables of flow increased during reactive hyperemia and IMT increased with age (p < 0.001). Our study demonstrates that BP, body weight, and ultrasonic variables changed significantly with age. The aging-associated changes provide insight into progression to atherosclerosis.     

Four years' experience with the Edwards-Tekna bileaflet valve prosthesis

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Although over 20,000 Edwards-Duromedics valves were implanted worldwide between 1982 and May 1988, use of the valve was voluntarily suspended by the manufacturer in May 1988 on the basis of reported leaflet escapes. In 1990, a modified version was introduced to the market, the Edwards-Tekna. The study aim was to evaluate the short-term outcome with this revised valve. METHODS: Between 1994 and 1998, 137 patients (67 males, 70 females; mean age 36.3+/-9.1 years) underwent heart valve replacement with the Edwards-Tekna prosthesis. Among these patients, 72 had isolated mitral valve replacement, 59 isolated aortic valve replacement, and six double-valve replacement. RESULTS: Early hospital mortality was 0.72% (n = 1). Follow up was 95% complete (129/136 patients discharged from hospital). Mean follow up was 24.9+/-10.5 months (range: 2 to 48 months); total follow up was 282.9 patient-years (pt-yr). Actuarial freedom from complications at two-year follow up and linearized incidence (%/pt-yr) of these events were: late mortality 87.8+/-8.5% (1.77%/pt-yr); thromboembolism 89.8+/-4.9% (2.12%/pt-yr); anticoagulation-related bleeding 97.8+/-1.5% (0.71%/pt-yr); prosthetic valve endocarditis 99.1+/-0.9% (0.35%/pt-yr); valve-related mortality 98.2+/-1.2% (0.71%/pt-yr); and valve-related morbidity and mortality 85.0+/-5.0% (4.24%/pt-yr). There was no structural valve failure such as leaflet escape in this series. Clinically significant hemolysis was not encountered (mean postoperative plasma LDH level 345+/-124 IU/l). Preoperatively, 69% of patients were in NYHA classes III/IV; at two years postoperatively 90% of survivors were in classes I/II. CONCLUSION: The Edwards-Tekna mechanical valve prosthesis has shown excellent overall clinical performance in the short term, though long-term data are needed to confirm its durability.