Trauma service cost: the real story.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to define and characterize the costs associated with trauma care at a level I trauma center. Once the costs were identified, attending physician-led teams were designed to reduce costs within each cost center. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The location and magnitude of the costs on a trauma service remain largely unknown. Focused cost-containment strategies remain difficult to implement because the expected return on these interventions is unknown. METHODS: Cost center data were reviewed for the 40 major DRGs admitted for the first 6 months of the fiscal years 1996 and 1997. Data were obtained from the hospital finance department using the Transition Systems Inc. accounting system. We focused on variable direct costs, those that vary with patient volume (e.g., staff nursing expense and medical/surgical supplies). To address issues of inflation, pay raises, and changing costs, a proxy value was created for 1996 and costs were held constant for the 1997 calculation. The major services that constitute cost centers identified in the system were nursing, surgical, pharmacy, laboratory, radiology, and emergency services. Attendings were assigned to develop and oversee customized cost-reduction modalities specific to each cost center. The cost-reduction modalities used to achieve significant savings were as follows: nursing, case management approach focusing on early discharge; surgical, meeting with operating room (OR) purchasing to modify expensive behavior patterns; pharmacy, integrating clinical pharmacist with direct attending support; laboratory, enforcing protocol for lab draws; radiology, increasing the use of emergency room ultrasound and accepting outside x-rays; and emergency services, 24-hour in-house attending staff to reduce emergency room time. The surgical and emergency services cost centers predominately generate costs by the length of time care is delivered in that area. RESULTS: For each period, data from 363 patients were compared. Mean length of stay decreased between the study periods from 8.72 to 7.06 days, while the average injury severity score was unchanged. Together, these cost centers constituted 87.4% of the total cost of care delivered. Significant cost reduction was achieved in all six variable cost centers: nursing (24%), surgical (5%), pharmacy (57%), laboratory (27), radiology (7%), and emergency (36). The mean cost per case was reduced by 25%. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of the true cost centers and directed attending surgeon involvement are essential to the development and implementation of a successful cost-reduction process.     

Myoangiogenesis after cell patch cardiomyoplasty and omentopexy in a patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy

We describe a procedure to promote angiogenesis and impregnation of skeletal myoblast into infarcted myocardium. At the completion of coronary artery bypass surgery, the midline sternotomy incision was extended to open the abdomen, and the greater omentum was tailored to reach the myocardium. Four pieces of autologous rectus muscle were applied to the infarcted left ventricle. This implantation was reinforced by the greater omentum. Incisions were closed in the usual manner. Postoperatively, the patient showed significant improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction (from 0.15 to 0.40) and in exercise tolerance (from 3 METs to 6 METs, or 100%). Computed tomographic angiography and positron emission tomography demonstrated improved myocardial viability and vascularity in the ischemic segments of the left ventricle. Omentopexy and cell patch cardiomyoplasty in conjunction with coronary artery bypass surgery may stimulate myogenesis and angiogenesis in avascular, dyskinetic scar tissue of left ventricle; in this preliminary study, this procedure appeared to improve the functional capacity of the left ventricle.     

Acute renal failure as an initial manifestation of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) is a group of heritable syndromes characterized by aberrant growth of benign or malignant tumors in a subset of endocrine tissues. There are three major syndromes: MEN1, 2A and 2B. We describe a 60-year-old woman who initially manifested acute renal failure due to hypercalcemia and dehydration and, finally, was diagnosed as a sporadic MEN1 case.     

Intestinal fungal and parasitic infections in kidney transplant recipients: a multi-center study

Kidney transplant recipients are susceptible to various infections due to the use of immunosuppressive drugs. The present study was performed as studies on the prevalence of intestinal fungal and parasitic infections in kidney transplant recipients are limited. A total of 150 kidney transplant recipients and 225 matched immunocompetent outpatients, who were referred to the laboratory of Noor Hospital, Isfahan, were studied. After recording demographic characteristics, direct test and specific laboratory cultures were carried out on the stool specimens. Patients were instructed on sanitary rules and, during each medical visit, they were reminded of the same. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic and fungal infections was 33.3% and 58.7%, respectively, in transplant recipients and 20% and 51%, respectively, in the control group; the difference was not statistically significant. The most prevalent intestinal parasite was Entameba coli, which was seen in 9.3% of the study patients and 6.7% of the controls. The most prevalent fungus was Candida sp., which was seen in 22% of the study patients and 24.4% of the control group. Co-existing infection with two or more fungi was seen in 14.8% and 3.4% in the case and control groups, respectively; P <0.001. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of infection by a single organism between the two groups. However, co-existing infection with two or more species was more prevalent in transplant recipients. We conclude that further investigations are needed to evaluate the pathogenesis of infection with these microorganisms.     

Cytomegalovirus Localization in Atherosclerotic Plaques is Associated with Acute Coronary Syndromes: Report of 105 Patients

It has been shown that cytomegalovirus (CMV) is present in coronary atherosclerotic plaques, but the clinical rele-vance of this presence remains to be elucidated. In this study we sought to examine CMV infection in atherosclerosis patients defined by different methods and to identify the clinical significance of CMV replication in the atherosclerotic plaques. The study included 105 consecutive patients who were admitted to our department and underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgical interventions. Coronary atherosclerotic specimens as well as 53 specimens from the mamillary artery of these same patients were analyzed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and poly-merase chain reaction (PCR) methods were used for evaluations. The CMV PCR test result was positive for 28 (26.7%) of patients with coronary artery atherosclerosis. After adjusting for other risk factors, coronary artery disease patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome were more likely to be positive for CMV PCR test (P=0.027; odds ratio: 4.2; 95% CI: 1.18-15.0). They were also more likely to have a positive family history for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study confirms previous evidence about the replication of CMV virus in the atherosclerotic plaques of coronary arteries and brings clinical significance to this observation by showing a higher prevalence of acute coronary syndromes in those patients with CMV-infected plaques. Our study also suggests a familial vulnerability to CMV replication in the coronary artery walls.     

Inauspicious contribution of hepatitis C virus and diabetes mellitus targeting kidneys: an update

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and diabetes mellitus are frequent problems worldwide that induce high health and financial burden in different societies, both of which are also highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease. Diabetes mellitus is a known underlying cause of end-stage renal disease, and on the other hand, HCV is responsible for a wide variety of renal manifestations, such as membranous nephropathy, cryoglobulinemia, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Moreover, along with its direct impact on kidney damage, HCV is also known to play a role in progression of other causes of kidney diseases. It is known that HCV infection is highly prevalent among patients with diabetic nephropathy. This article reviews the existing literature on the relationship between HCV infection and diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic kidney disease, and also overviews the interplay of these two factors in the transplantation era.     

Neuroimaging of migrational disorders in pediatric epilepsy

Seizures in children are common and represent a final pathway for a variety of brain insults. Although most children with seizures do not require imaging, when indicated, imaging plays an important role in the clinical workup. Imaging in the pediatric seizure population is reserved for a particular subset of patients depending on factors, such as age of onset, symptomatology, physical examination findings, and specific electroencephalography changes to name a few. The etiologies of seizures are extensive and include disorders of cortical migration and organization. Cortical migration and organization disorders are multifactorial and complex and a major cause of seizure disorders. Although magnetic resonance imaging is the most common imaging modality used to identify the seizure focus, positron emission tomographic and/or diffusion tensor imaging are beginning to provide complementary information about the involved areas. Early and accurate detection is key to better treatment and overall improved patient prognosis.     

Contact lens disinfecting solutions antibacterial efficacy: comparison between clinical isolates and the standard ISO ATCC strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus

Purpose

To evaluate the disinfectant properties of the three multipurpose contact lens disinfecting solutions available in Iran, against clinical isolates and the standard ISO ATCC strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Staphylococcus aureus, based on the international organization for standardization (ISO) 14729 guidelines.

Methods

Three multipurpose solutions that were tested were ReNu Multiplus, Solo Care Aqua and All-Clean Soft. The test solutions were challenged with clinical isolates and the standard strains of P. aeruginosa(ATCC 9027) and S. aureus(ATCC 6538), based on the ISO Stand-alone procedure for disinfecting products. Solutions were sampled for surviving microorganisms at manufacturer''s minimum recommended disinfection time. The number of viable organisms was determined and log reductions calculated.

Results

All of the three test solutions in this study provided a reduction greater than the required mean 3.0 logarithmic reduction against the recommended standard ATCC strains of P. aeruginosaand S. aureus. Antibacterial effectiveness of Solo Care Aqua and All-Clean Soft against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosaand S. aureuswere acceptable based on ISO 14729 Stand-alone test. ReNu MultiPlus showed a minimum acceptable efficacy against the clinical isolate of S. aureus, but did not reduce the clinical isolate by the same amount.

Conclusions

Although the contact lens disinfecting solutions meet/exceed the ISO 14729 Stand-alone primary acceptance criteria for standard strains of P. aeruginosaand S. aureus, their efficacy may be insufficient against clinical isolates of these organisms.