Consequences of foot binding among older women in Beijing, China.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the prevalence and consequences of foot binding in older Chinese women. METHODS: Women older than 70 years in Beijing, China, were assessed for bound feet, falls, functional status, and bone density. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent of women aged 80 years and older and 18% of women aged 70 through 79 years had bound-foot deformities. Women with bound feet were more likely to fall, less able to squat, and less able to stand up from a chair without assistance than women with normal feet. They also had 14.3% less functional reach (a test of balance) and 5.1% lower hip bone density. CONCLUSIONS: Foot binding has caused substantial disability that is still evident in many elderly Chinese women.     

Technical and biological factors in disease-free survival after hepatic resection for colorectal cancer metastases.

Careful patient selection for hepatic resection of colorectal cancer metastases is essential to improve current poor results. Carcinoembryonic antigen level and number of metastases were significant preoperative prognostic indicators of 5-year disease-free survival in patients selected clinically for hepatic surgery. Surgical margin, weight of hepatic tissue resected, carcinoembryonic antigen level, and flow cytometry were significant postoperative prognostic indicators. Patients with a carcinoembryonic antigen level less than 200 ng/mL, 1-cm surgical margins, and less than 1,000 g of liver tissue removed had a greater than 50% estimated 5-year disease-free survival rate. If the metastases were diploid on flow cytometry, an additional survival advantage may have been gained. Inadequate surgical margins led to high rates of liver-only recurrence. Nonhepatic recurrence was unrelated to surgical margins. Intraoperative liver examination by ultrasound during primary colon cancer resection and adjuvant chemotherapy may offer earlier selection of biologically appropriate patients and improved outcome; both recommendations require clinical trials.     

Triggers or aggravators of symptoms?

This study attempts to replicate and extend the associations reported by Verbrugge among negative events, bad mood and symptoms. Employing the same symptomatology measure used in that study, but with more comprehensive event and mood questionnaires, we essentially replicated the same-day and lagged relationships reported by Verbrugge. One difference, however, was that undesirable events were a stronger predictor of symptom days than negative mood, whereas the opposite was true in Verbrugge's study. To further investigate the causal role of events and mood on symptoms, analyses were performed looking only at onset days of symptom episodes. This procedure greatly reduced same day event-symptom associations and eliminated event and mood's lagged relationships with symptoms. Our results do not, then, corroborate the triggering effect of events and mood for the onset of symptoms, although these variables may have a role in maintaining the duration of symptom episodes.     

Comparative effects of pilocarpine in different vehicles on pupil diameter in albino rabbits and squirrel monkeys

Several commercial pilocarpine preparations have been compared for their efficacy of drug delivery as evaluated by changes in pupil diameter, and return to base-line pupil size, in rabbits and squirrel monkeys. Adsorbocarpine, Isoptocarpine, Pilocar, all at 2%, and Pilopine HS gel, 4%, were used. In albino rabbits the order of efficacy, as judged by area under the curve, or maximal pupil diameter change, was Pilopine greater than Isoptocarpine = Adsorbocarpine greater than Pilocar = saline (prepared in this laboratory). In general, greater areas under the curve were associated with greater changes in pupil diameter. Pupil diameter had returned to normal by a maximum of 5 hours after drop instillation. In squirrel monkeys, the maximum pupillary change was statistically (P greater than 0.05) the same for all preparations, as was the percentage change in pupil diameter at 6 hours since pupils were still somewhat constricted at this time after drop instillation. The differences in area under the curve were minor. The greater response in primates compared to rabbits may be due to differences in pigment, intraocular kinetics and a far more active ciliary muscle in primates. Also studied were newly developed, non-surfactant containing, preservative-free polymer- and microparticle-based vehicles. Some of the vehicles, based on cyanoacrylate, modified hyaluronate, anionic copolymers, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, cross-linked gelatin and microparticles showed greater pupillary changes and areas under the curve in rabbits compared to saline vehicle. When compared to commercial preparations in the monkey eye cyanoacrylate block copolymer and modified hyaluronate showed an increase in efficacy. Polyvinylpyrrolidone, anionic copolymer and cross-linked gelatin were equal to the commercial preparations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Deprivation of form vision suppresses diurnal cycling of retinal levels of leu-enkephalin

Deprivation of form vision by the fitting of translucent occluders suppressed the diurnal cycling of enkephalinergic amacrine cells (the ENSLI amacrine cells), in the chicken. Daily periods of normal vision or enforcing temporal contrast using strobe lighting appeared to restore normal functioning of the ENSLI cells. These results suggest that the ENSLI cells are involved in retinal circuits that assess the quality of the visual image and control eye growth.     

A mechanism of peripheral spread or localization of inflammatory reactions--role of the localized ground substance adaptive phenomenon

It is known that connective tissue-active peptides (CTAP) are released at sites of inflammation. Some of this material diffuses to immediately adjacent tissue and increases ground substance viscosity and fibroblast proliferation. This contributes to host protection against spread of infections and tumors. In a person with normal inflammatory reactivity, it should prevent spread of mediators and products of local inflammation. However, the host with an increased reactivity in sites of increased ground substance viscosity or who is highly reactive to dilution of tissue fluid would respond with more inflammation. A non-infectious, non-malignant process in a host with a highly reactive inflammatory or immune response could end up with peripheral spread. This could occur in any tissue but it occurs with great vigor in the skin. It could present as a peripheral extension of a local disease process, such as psoriasis, or the migration of cyclic lesions with clearing of the central area. There are over a dozen variants of peripherally spreading, ringed lesions described in the dermatologic literature. This includes erythema marginatum of rheumatic fever, erythema gyratum repens associated with cancer, and erythema annulare centrificum associated with allergic reactions to fungi. Many of the ringed dermatologic lesions have an immunologic component. They tend to be associated with inflammatory immune reactions at distant sites. Dermatologists have been gathering information on the ringed phenomenon at least since Hebra in 1854. The acute localized ground substance adaptive phenomenon is a broadly beneficial biologic response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)