Human factors in chemical containment laboratory design

A human factors engineering analysis of a chemical containment laboratory was performed to develop appropriate standards for future laboratory design. In order to perform this evaluation, a state-of-the-art facility was studied in depth. Measurements and observations were made of key operating areas. In addition, technicians were observed and interviewed as they performed various tasks. Compiled data were compared to existing ergonomic standards. The occupational implications of instituting ergonomically developed laboratory design standards are as follows: increased worker health, safety and productivity, improved work quality and reduced stress.     

The growth of microorganisms in total parenteral nutrition admixtures

Total nutrient admixtures (TNAs) containing glucose, amino acids, and lipid emulsion in one container and amino acid/dextrose solutions [conventional total parenteral nutrition (TPN) formulations] were studied in a controlled laboratory experiment for their ability to support the growth of microorganisms. Both TNA and conventional TPN formulations for peripheral and central venous administration with standard additives were inoculated with microorganisms to provide 10(1)-10(2) colony-forming units/ml (CFU/ml) of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. The admixtures were stored at room temperature and samples for quantitative microbiology were taken at time 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr. K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa were able to proliferate in central TNAs, but the growth of these organisms was retarded in conventional TPN solutions. In the peripheral formulations, K. pneumoniae and E. coli proliferated in both the TNA and conventional TPN systems, whereas P. aeruginosa grew well only in the peripheral TNA. S. epidermidis was not able to grow in any admixtures tested; however, C. albicans grew well in all admixtures, but growth was slower in the conventional central TPN. In conclusion, peripheral and central TNAs supported the growth of microorganisms significantly better than conventional TPN solutions.     

Alcoholic ketoacidosis: a case report

A 43-year-old alcoholic presented in coma with ketoacidosis, after three days of nausea and feeling generally unwell, which had been preceded by a prolonged three-week period of heavy alcohol consumption with poor dietary intake. The acidosis responded rapidly to intravenous dextrose. This is the first Scottish report of a case of alcoholic ketoacidosis.     

Specific selection of osteosynthetic material in the treatment of thoracic or lumbar spinal injuries by the posterior approach

Summary The authors report 165 cases of thoraco-lumbar lesions with neurological dysfunction. All the patient were operated. They analyze the neurological and mechanical results and indicate the use of different osteosynthesis apparatus according to the type and level of lesions.Harrington's rods seem to give more precise repositioning while Roy Camille's plates give more stability. When the posterior wall of the spinal canal is intact, Kempf's compression rods can be used.Thoraxic spine injuries seem to be an indication for Harrington's rods, while lumbar injuries seem to call for Camille's plates.     

Intrathecal morphine for post-thoracotomy pain

We wished to investigate possible differences in the duration of postoperative analgesia and the incidence of respiratory depression after the intrathecal injection in the lumbar area of 10 micrograms/kg morphine in hypobaric and hyperbaric solution for relief of post-thoracotomy pain. Twenty-nine patients received morphine plus dextrose (hyperbaric) and 21 received morphine in preservative-free normal saline. The duration of analgesia was longer with the morphine in the normal saline group than in the hyperbaric group (P less than 0.04). One patient developed delayed respiratory depression. Our data support the use of morphine in normal saline mixtures for greater duration of analgesia after thoracic operations.     

Amplification of the graft-versus-host reaction by partial body irradiation

An experimental model has been developed for the study of combined effects of partial body irradiation (PBI) and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in which irradiation is delivered to the thorax 24 hr prior to induction of GVHD in hybrid mice by the injection of parental lymphoid cells. In mice irradiated to 1000 cGy or exposed to low doses of allogeneic lymphoid cells (20 X 10(6)), survival was 100% at 250 days. In contrast, combination of the two treatments, GVHD and PBI, resulted in a mortality of 83% and a mean survival time of 29 days, indicating synergy between GVHD and PBI. From histological studies of the lung it appeared that about 40% of the deaths occurring after combined GVHD/PBR treatment might be attributable to pneumonia. The cause of death in the remaining mice receiving combined treatment is not known. Mice receiving combined PBI/lymphoid cell treatment develop a characteristic skin lesion that is not seen in nonirradiated mice and is confined to the irradiated area. The effect of preinduction PBR on the timing and severity of GVHD is similar to that which would be produced by an increase in the number of effector cells.     

An improved transilial crest bone biopsy drill for quantitative histomorphometry

Transilial crest bone biopsy with quantitative histomorphometry is an important technique for the assessment of metabolic and endocrine bone disease. The surface area of the histologic section suitable for histomorphometric analysis is reduced by the build-up of bone dust and by trabecular fracture, produced by the conventional Bordier bone drill. We describe here a modification of this drill that both allows escape of dust from around the cutting edge of the teeth and greatly reduces bone dust volume and trabecular fracture. In paired samples the new drill was shown to improve significantly the quality of the biopsy specimens.