Nucleotide sequence and in vitro expression of the capsid protein gene of tobacco ringspot virus

The nucleotide sequence of the 3' terminal 2022 nucleotides (nt) of tobacco ringspot virus (TobRV) RNA 2 has been determined. Protein microsequence analysis of the amino-terminal residues of purified capsid protein localized the capsid protein gene between nt 2014 and 583 (from the 3' terminus) of this sequence. The proteolytic cleavage site that is processed to liberate the capsid protein from the RNA 2-encoded polyprotein was identified as Cys-Ala. The predicted translation product from the gene is a 477 amino acid long polypeptide with a calculated MW of 53 kDa. The gene was modified at the 5' end to facilitate sub-cloning, and to provide it with a methionine initiation codon. The modified gene was sub-cloned, transcribed in vitro and expressed in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate translation system, where it directed the synthesis of a 53 kDa polypeptide. Garnier-Osguthorpe-Robson analyses of the secondary structure of the capsid protein predicted the presence of three beta sheet domains, which suggests that this nepovirus capsid may be structurally analogous to those of the como- and picornaviruses. These and other results from computer analyses of the nucleic acid and amino acid sequences, and comparisons with the capsid proteins of nepoviruses and other related viruses are discussed.     

Haptic selective attention by foot and by hand

Nonvisual perceptions of a wielded object's spatial properties are based on the quantities expressing the object's mass distribution, quantities that are invariant during the wielding. The mechanoreceptors underlying the kind of haptic perception involved in wielding – referred to as effortful, kinesthetic, or dynamic touch – are those embedded in the muscles, tendons, and ligaments. The present experiment's focus was the selectivity of this muscle-based form of haptic perception. For an occluded rod grasped by the hand at some intermediate position along its length, participants can attend to and report selectively the rod's full length, its partial lengths (fore or aft of the hand), and the position of the grip. The present experiment evaluated whether participants could similarly attend selectively when wielding by foot. For a given rod attached to and wielded by foot or attached to (i.e. grasped) and wielded by hand, participants reported (by magnitude production) the rod's whole length or fractional length leftward of the point of attachment. On measures of mean perceived length, accuracy, and reliability, the degree of differentiation of partial from full extent achieved by means of the foot matched that achieved by means of the hand. Despite their neural, anatomical, and experiential differences, the lower and upper limbs seem to abide by the same principles of selective muscle-based perception and seem to express this perceptual function with equal facility.     

Mycobacteria and human autoimmune disease: direct evidence of cross-reactivity between human lactoferrin and the 65-kilodalton protein of tubercle and leprosy bacilli.

We document here by Western immunoblotting and immunogold ultracytochemistry that polyclonal antibodies against human lactoferrin (Lf) bind to tubercle and leprosy bacilli. In situ immunogold labeling of Mycobacterium leprae (present in armadillo liver and in human skin) and of Mycobacterium tuberculosis indicated that receptors for anti-Lf antibodies were present both on the cytoplasm and on the envelope of the bacilli. We found by immunoblotting that the 65-kDa heat shock protein is the major component of M. leprae and M. tuberculosis that is responsible for the binding of the anti-Lf probe. Furthermore, we show that anti-Lf immunoglobulin G eluted from the nitrocellulose-transferred mycobacterial 65-kDa protein band did bind back to Lf. Ultracytochemistry of biopsy samples of human lepromas showed that dead or severely damaged M. leprae was strongly marked by the anti-Lf antibodies; a similar pattern of immunogold marking was observed on M. leprae when antibodies against the 65-kDa mycobacterial protein were used. Our results offer direct evidence that the 65-kDa protein of leprosy and tubercle bacilli is recognized with specificity by antibodies against the human protein Lf. The Lf-65-kDa protein antigenic cross-reactivity may contribute to the formation of autoantibodies and immune complexes as well as to other autoimmune events that are frequent in tuberculosis and leprosy. Our immunocytochemical data also suggest that the cross-reactivity may persist for some time after the death of mycobacteria in infected hosts.     

Intermediate- and high-affinity interleukin-2 receptors expressed in an IL-4-dependent T-cell line induce different signals.

We have previously described a synergism between the two physiological hormones, retinoic acid (RA) and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD) in the induction of U937 cell differentiation towards a more mature state. Herein, we investigated the regulation of cytokine production during RA and/or VD treatment of U937 cells. Cell differentiation was followed by measurement of their capacity to give oxidative responses, and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-6 gene and protein expression were determined in RA/VD-treated cells, activated or not with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The undifferentiated and RA-treated U937 cells were unable to produce monokines even when they were stimulated by LPS. VD induced the monokine mRNA expression in U937 cells but failed to induce protein release. However, unlike RA, it primed the cells to secrete monokines upon endotoxin stimulation. A large enhancement of the production of the monokines both at mRNA and protein levels was observed in the U937 cells exposed to the combination of RA + VD. Nevertheless, protein release required a further step of activation of the RA + VD-primed cells. The co-inducer effect of RA and VD was not observed in HL-60 or THP-1 cells and seems to be restricted to U937 cells. These results on cytokine expression support our previous finding that a combination of RA and VD brings the U937 cells to a high stage of myeloid differentiation with major characteristics of monocytes/macrophages.     

Design and development of a digital stethoscope encapsulation for simultaneous acquisition of phonocardiography and electrocardiography signals: the SmartHeart case study

Abstract

The stethoscope is a major symbol of modern medicine. It is used for diagnosis of different conditions and enables physicians to listen to internal body sounds. Electrocardiography was only introduced in medicine in the beginning of the twentieth century. Today measuring heart’s electrical activity is also fundamental cardiac diseases diagnosis. Although performed with independent devices, requiring physician and patient presence in the same physical space, in combination they enhance cardiovascular assessment. In this paper, a digital stethoscope encapsulation was designed, adding new functionality to this advanced medical device. Today wired and wireless communications enable different medical devices to share data and information, over long distances. Using low-cost hardware technologies, the encapsulation will add the ability to acquire and transmit via Bluetooth the Electrocardiographic activity, determined in the same cardiac focus and synchronised with the Phonocardiographic sound recordings. Several encapsulation concepts were developed and prototyped using 3D printing. They were easily fitted to the digital stethoscope and tested in a hospital environment for ergonomics, acoustic and electric signals acquisition. The best concept was chosen with the help of a physician’s opinion and the final prototype performance was very satisfactory.     

Monitoring and assessment indicators in 2001 of "Roll Back Malaria" initiative in Benin

Within the context of WHO/CDS/RBM/2000, a survey was conducted in 2001 by the National Malaria Control Program of Benin. Following a well-thought-out choice, the survey took place simultaneously in health areas corresponding to epidemiological regions. Morbidity due to malaria is very high among children under five years admitted in external clinic (44.3% of cases) and (46.5%) for hospitalization. The crude rate of mortality is 129%. The use of non-impregnated bednet is usually met in three health areas, where 47.4% of the household have at least one non-impregnated bednet versus 5.4% of household with impregnated bednets. Percentage of pregnant women sleeping under an impregnated bednet and following chemoprophylaxis is respectively 43.3% and 3.8%. Results obtained at the end of this database survey in 2001 have facilitated the definition of indicators of the process, results and impact which remain very useful for the implementation of the monitoring and assessment system of "Roll Back Malaria" in Benin.