Laboratory assessment of the Sensodyne Mikro Aktiv extra soft toothbrush and the Oral-B indicator soft toothbrush

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this laboratory study was to assess the Sensodyne Mikro Aktiv extra soft toothbrush, compared with the Oral-B Indicator soft toothbrush, for interproximal access efficacy (IAE). METHODS: Six toothbrushes of each product were tested four times, for a total of twenty-four tests on each toothbrush design. In the IAE assay, the tooth brushing technique involved independent evaluations of each toothbrush in a vertical or horizontal brushing motion, tooth shapes simulating anterior and posterior teeth, and a brushing weight of 250 g. The brushing apparatus was set to brush for 15 seconds at two strokes per second with a 50 mm stroke. All readings were measured with 3x magnification by a single investigator. RESULTS: The mean IAE value on anterior tooth shapes, with vertical and horizontal brushing, was significantly (p < 0.001) higher for the Sensodyne Mikro Aktiv toothbrush than for the Oral-B Indicator toothbrush. When the IAE values were combined to give an overall brushing average, the Sensodyne Mikro Aktiv toothbrush was significantly (p < 0.001) higher compared to the Oral-B Indicator toothbrush. CONCLUSION: The Sensodyne Mikro Aktiv toothbrush has demonstrated superiority to the Oral-B Indicator toothbrush for access into interproximal areas using this laboratory methodology.     

Comparing the Dr. SEDOC and ADA toothbrushes in three independent laboratory procedures

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to compare the Dr. SEDOC toothbrush, tufted with super-tapered bristles, to the ADA standard toothbrush in three laboratory procedures designed to evaluate 1) the cleaning ability of toothbrush bristles at the gingival margin (GMC), 2) interproximal access efficacy (IAE) and plaque removal efficacy, or 3) subgingival access (SA) into, and removal of artificial plaque deposits from under the gingival margin. METHODOLOGY: Efficacy was tested using three published laboratory methods, with pressure-sensitive paper placed around simulated teeth, at a brushing pressure of 250 or 500 g, with horizontal or vertical brushing motions. Twenty-four tests on each toothbrush design were conducted, and results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA. RESULTS: In all three assays, the Dr. SEDOC toothbrush had a significantly superior (p < 0.001) efficacy mean value compared to the ADA toothbrush. CONCLUSION: The Dr. SEDOC toothbrush, with super-tapered bristles, offers the potential for improved cleaning and plaque removal compared to the ADA standard control toothbrush.     

实验性He创伤对牙髓和牙周组织影响的研究

为了探讨Ｈｅ创伤持续时间与牙髓、牙周组织变化间的关系，作者对４４只大鼠的下颌磨牙制造了实验性Ｈｅ创伤，利用组织病理学和软射线的研究方法，观察不同实验期受创伤大鼠磨牙的牙髓、牙周组织变化，并与软射线片进行对照分析。结果表明，牙髓组织随Ｈｅ务时间延长而病变逐渐加重；牙周组织受到长期Ｈｅ创伤后呈现适应性变化，牙周组织焦吩一软射线片显示的牙周变化部位相应。本研究结果为Ｈｅ创伤性牙髓炎和根尖周炎的病因，病理     

Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors among Chinese Children: Recent Trends and Correlates

Objective This study was aimed at examining the trends and correlates of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors among Chinese children. Methods A total of 4,341 subjects (6,936 observations) aged 6–17 years who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (2004–2015) were included. Of the subjects, 41％ participated in the survey twice or more. Random-effects ordinal regression models and repeated-measures mixed-effects models were used to examine the PA trends. Quantile regression models were applied to examine the factors influencing PA and sedentary behaviors. Results From 2004 to 2015, the prevalence of physical inactivity among Chinese children aged 6–17 years increased by 5.5％ [odds ratio (OR), 1.51; 95％ confidence interval (CI), 1.19–1.90; P < 0.001]. The PA volume declined by 5.8 metabolic equivalent of task-hr/week (P < 0.001), and the time spent in sedentary behaviors increased by 1.8 hr/week (P < 0.001). Age, ethnicity, and region showed significant effects on the PA volume across the quartiles (P < 0.001). Across the quartiles, sedentary time was significantly higher in the children residing in urban areas (P < 0.001) or areas with high urbanization levels (P ≤ 0.005) than in their counterparts. Conclusions A declining PA trend among Chinese children aged 6–17 years was observed from 2004 to 2015, and certain subgroups and geographical areas are at higher risk of physical inactivity.     

"月经"名称源流和理论内涵考述

在中医古籍中"月经"称谓繁多且含义各不相同,梳理月经的称谓及内涵的变迁脉络,对于正确理解文献中月经的理论内涵意义重大,通过查阅中医经典著作及各时期与中医妇科相关的重要文献,收集总结月经的名称及释义,归纳整理出不同文献中月经名称所承载的4种不同理论内涵:胞宫出血现象、胞宫周期性出血的生理现象、女性经期所排出血液以及运行于体内营养机体的精微物质.     

江苏省基层卫生人员工作发展机会满意度的区域差异研究

背景　随着社会经济的发展,基层卫生人员不再仅关注眼前的工资待遇,对未来职业发展前景、工作发展机会的重视度也在不断提高。目的　从区域差异角度,了解江苏省基层卫生人员工作发展机会满意度现状及其影响因素,为提高岗位吸引力政策的推行提供理论参考。方法　2019年12月,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法对抽取的698名基层卫生人员进行问卷调查,问卷根据ERG理论编制,包括基本信息、工作满意度情况和工作满意度影响因素量表三部分。了解江苏省不同地区人员工作发展机会满意度情况,并从生存需要、关系需要和成长需要三方面分析其影响因素。结果　江苏省基层卫生人员工作成果、工作价值、工作发展机会满意度得分分别为（4.36±0.75）、（4.44±0.66）、（4.20±0.86）分。江苏省苏南、苏中、苏北地区基层卫生人员工作发展机会满意度得分分别为（4.07±0.99）、（4.38±0.79）、（4.25±0.78）分,三者比较,差异有统计学意义（F=6.995,P<0.001）。在生存需要方面,城市吸引力是苏南、苏中地区,工资待遇是苏南地区,卫生队伍建设是苏北地区基层卫生人员工作发展机会满意度的影响因素（P<0.05）;在关系需要方面,工作氛围是苏南、苏北地区,领导公平性是苏南地区,领导责任感是苏北地区基层卫生人员工作发展机会满意度的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论　江苏省基层卫生人员工作发展机会满意度存在区域差异,应从影响因素入手,结合不同地域的特点采取差异化改善措施,从而为基层卫生岗位吸引、留住更多优秀人才,推动我国医药卫生事业发展。     

脂质代谢异常对儿童过敏性紫癜肾损伤预测价值的Meta分析

背景　过敏性紫癜（HSP）是儿童最常见的血管炎之一,部分可累及肾脏发展为紫癜性肾炎（HSPN）,影响预后。因此在HSP的发病早期寻找肾脏损伤的预测因子十分必要,近年来越来越多的研究表明脂质代谢异常可能是HSP肾脏损伤的危险因素,然而未见系统的循证研究。目的　全面搜集相关文献,评估HSP发病早期脂质代谢异常是否能作为HSPN的预测因子。方法　计算机检索PubMed、EMBase、The Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网、中国生物医学文献数据库,检索时间为建库至2020-02-10。收集第一作者、发表年份、国家、诊断标准、性别、年龄、例数（HSPN组/非HSPN组）、观察指标〔两组人群起病时的总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、载脂蛋白M（ApoM）〕、研究类型、发生情况（初发/复发）、病程、随访时间,运用纽卡斯尔-沃太华量表（NOS）对纳入文献进行质量评估,Stata 15.1软件进行Meta分析。结果　共纳入16篇文献5 312例患者,失访26例,纳入HSP患儿5 286例,其中1 997例发展为HSPN,NOS评分均≥6分。Meta分析结果显示：HSPN组患者起病时的TC水平〔WMD=0.72,95%CI（0.51,0.92）〕、TG水平〔WMD=0.61,95%CI（0.45,0.77）〕、LDL水平〔WMD=0.65,95%CI（0.41,0.89）〕高于非HSPN组,ApoM水平〔OR=0.32,95%CI（0.12,0.85）〕低于非HSPN组。结论　高水平的TC、TG和LDL可能是HSP发展为HSPN的预测因子,HDL水平与HSPN关系尚不明确,有待进一步研究证实,ApoM有望成为HSPN的新独立预测因子。