Two-photon imaging of capillary blood flow in olfactory bulb glomeruli

Analysis of the spatiotemporal coupling between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow requires the precise measurement of the dynamics of RBC flow in individual capillaries that irrigate activated neurons. Here, we use two-photon microscopy in vivo to image individual RBCs in glomerular capillaries in the rat dorsal olfactory bulb. We find that odor stimulation evokes capillary vascular responses that are odorant- and glomerulus-specific. These responses consist of increases as well as decreases in RBC flow, both resulting from independent changes in RBC velocity or linear density. Finally, measuring RBC flow with micrometer spatial resolution and millisecond temporal resolution, we demonstrate that, in olfactory bulb superficial layers, capillary vascular responses precisely outline regions of synaptic activation.     

Patient acceptable symptom state and minimal clinically important difference for patient-reported outcomes in systemic sclerosis: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing personalized physical therapy to usual care

Background

To estimate patient acceptable symptom state (PASS) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for patient-reported outcomes in systemic sclerosis (SSc).

High-Value,Cost-Conscious Care Attitudes in the Graduate Medical Education Learning Environment: Various Stakeholder Attitudes That Residents Misjudge

BackgroundTraining residents in delivering high-value, cost-conscious care (HVCCC) is crucial for a sustainable healthcare. A supportive learning environment is key. Yet, stakeholders’ attitudes toward HVCCC in residents’ learning environment are unknown.ObjectiveWe aimed to measure stakeholders’ HVCCC attitudes in residents’ learning environment, compare these with resident perceptions of their attitudes, and identify factors associated with attitudinal differences among each stakeholder group.DesignWe conducted a cross-sectional survey across the Netherlands between June 2017 and December 2018.ParticipantsParticipants were 312 residents, 305 faculty members, 53 administrators, and 1049 patients from 66 (non)academic hospitals.Main MeasuresRespondents completed the Maastricht HVCCC Attitude Questionnaire (MHAQ), containing three subscales: (1) high-value care, (2) cost incorporation, (3) perceived drawbacks. Additionally, resident respondents estimated the HVCCC attitudes of other stakeholders, and answered questions on job demands and resources. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze data.Key ResultsAttitudes differed on all subscales: faculty and administrators reported more positive HVCCC attitudes than residents (p ≤ 0.05), while the attitudes of patients were less positive (p ≤ 0.05). Residents underestimated faculty’s (p < 0.001) and overestimated patients’ HVCCC attitudes (p < 0.001). Increasing age was, among residents and faculty, associated with more positive attitudes toward HVCCC (p ≤ 0.05). Lower perceived health quality was associated with less positive attitudes among patients (p < 0.001). The more autonomy residents perceived, the more positive their HVCCC attitude (p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionsAttitudes toward HVCCC vary among stakeholders in the residency learning environment, and residents misjudge the attitudes of both faculty and patients. Faculty and administrators might improve their support to residents by more explicitly sharing their thoughts and knowledge on HVCCC and granting residents autonomy in clinical practice.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s11606-020-06261-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.KEY WORDS: attitudes, graduate medical education, high-value, cost-conscious care, learning environment, job characteristics     

Home-based cycling program tailored to older people with lumbar spinal stenosis: Barriers and facilitators

Background

Lumbar-flexion-based endurance training, namely cycling, could be effective in reducing pain and improving function and health-related quality of life in older people with chronic low back pain.