Contrasting subjective judgement and objective tests in the hearing-impaired.

The Hearing Performance Inventory (HPI, Giolas et al., 1979) was used to measure 21 moderately hearing-impaired persons' subjectively experienced problems in everyday listening. The HPI rating data show that the greatest problems are experienced on the dimensions 'understanding speech without visual cues', and 'perceived intensity' of sounds. 'Understanding speech with visual cues' has a high positive correlation with both 'social situation' and 'work situation' dimensions, whereas 'understanding speech without visual cues' correlates with 'social' and 'personal situation'. The correlations between the HPI and actual performance in the speechreading tests, and between the HPI and cognitive abilities that were assumed to be critical for speechreading ability, were also examined. It was found that vocabulary size, highly intercorrelated with guessing, was important to the 'social situation' dimension on the HPI. Guessing also constitutes an important cognitive predictor of speechreading skill. However, none of the HPI dimensions was directly related to objective communicative competence. Given the limitations of speechreading training, the data suggest that vocabulary and social skills should be focused on during communicative training.     

Direction-dependent amplification of the human outer ear

The transfer function of the outer ear in humans was determined by using the impulse technique. Signals were delivered from 325 or 393 positions on an imaginary sphere surrounding the experimental subject. Changes of sound pressure level in the ear canal show that certain frequency bands are amplified maximally if they impinge onto the ear from certain directions. For some frequency bands there are two directions of sound incidence that cause best amplification in the ear canal. The directionality of the human pinna appears to increase at higher frequencies. The amount of amplification by the outer ear of frequencies between 2 and 15 kHz was also determined by measuring the free-field transfer function.     

Risks of a cartilage-bone bank with reference to HIV infection

Allogenic transplants have an established place in reconstructive procedures. For years it has been suspected that lyophilized dura mater can transmit Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. HIV infection with fully manifest AIDS and a mortality of up to 100% is now also increasing in significance. It is necessary to assess the risk of transferring HIV with allogenic transplants because HIV passes into the cell via specific surface receptors and is integrated within the chromosome. Experimental data on disinfection and sterilization of allogenic transplants stored within chromosomes and their inactivation are not available. Allogenic transplants are only used in operations for life-threatening disease. As a rule, these are elective operations which must meet the highest safety standards, also with regard to the danger of infection. Collaboration with a transplantation team is essential.     

Serological study of the incidence of murine viruses in a population of small wild rodents (Microtus pennsylvanicus Ord, 1815)]

The results of a serological survey of a free-living population of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in Pinawa, Manitoba (Canada) showed that these animals possessed antibodies to six of the eleven viruses tested for, namely: reovirus type 3, murine encephalomyelitis agent, ectromelia virus, murine adenovirus, murine hepatitis virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. The significant increase in the number of individuals possessing specific antibodies suggests that these viruses, or related viruses, may be responsible for the decline in the population studied.     

Intramedullary epidermoid cyst of the cervical spinal cord associated with an extraspinal neuroenteric cyst: case report.

A 4-year-old girl presented with an intramedullary epidermoid cyst of the cervical spinal cord. The clinical, radiological, and surgical features and a brief critical review of the literature are included in this report. The cyst contents were removed totally in two operations. The child had a coexisting neuroenteric cyst in the posterior mediastinum. To our knowledge, this coexistence has not been previously reported. Contemporary imaging modes and prospects of the surgical treatment are discussed.     

The technic of esophageal extirpation with one-stage esophagoplasty using a stomach tube]

The article deals with the technical aspects of operation for extirpation of the esophagus through a cervico-abdominal approach in carcinoma (133 operations) and benign esophageal strictures (117 operations) with one-stage plastics by means of an isoperistaltic tube formed from the greater curvature of the stomach. The relative safety (2.8% of patients died) and high efficacy of the described operation allow it to be recommended for wide introduction into the practice of institutions engaged in surgery of the esophagus.     

Sulphasalazine inhibition of human granulocyte activation by inhibition of second messenger compounds.

The effects of sulphasalazine on the production of second messenger compounds in human granulocytes have been characterised by various stimuli. The increases in cytosolic calcium, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, and phosphatidic acid (all important mediators of intracellular signal transduction) triggered by stimulation were inhibited by sulphasalazine. The metabolites 5-amino-salicylic acid and sulphapyridine were less potent inhibitors than the mother compound. It is concluded that sulphasalazine inhibits the synthesis of phosphoinositide derived second messenger compounds at the level of phospholipase C or its regulatory guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) binding protein. Inhibition of phosphatidic acid synthesis was either due to the same mechanism, or to interaction with a phospholipase D regulating GTP binding protein.     

Effects of (R)-8-OH-DPAT and the enantiomers of UH-301 on motor activities in the rat: antagonism of (R)-8-OH-DPAT-induced effects.

The effects of the enantiomers of 5-fluoro-8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)tetralin, UH-301 and the potent 5-HT1A-receptor agonist (R)-8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)tetralin, (R)-8-OH-DPAT, on locomotion, rearing and total activity were studied in rats. The experiments were performed as tests either of exploratory activity in non-habituated rats or of motor activity of rats habituated to the environment for 2 h before drug injection. (R)-8-OH-DPAT increased locomotion and total activity and decreased rearing in both conditions. (R)-UH-301 increased locomotion and slightly also total activity in habituated rats and decreased rearing in both conditions. (S)-UH-301 decreased locomotion and rearing in both conditions but only in doses of 10 mumol/kg and above. Lower doses of (S)-UH-301 (10 mumol/kg) antagonized (R)-8-OH-DPAT-induced increases of locomotion and total activity. As (S)-UH-301 decreased rearing, per se, it was not able to antagonize the (R)-8-OH-DPAT induced decrease. These results further support previous data that (S)-UH-301 is a 5-HT1A antagonist while (R)-UH-301 is a 5-HT1A agonist.