Assessment of a rapid HIV test strategy during labor: a pilot study from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

OBJECTIVES: To use two rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tests at labor, measure test acceptance and performance, and measure HIV prevalence in these women. METHODS: Between February and October 2000, two rapid tests (Determine; Abbott, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. and Double Check; Orgenics, Yavne, Israel) were used in three public maternities in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot (WB) analysis confirmed positive and discordant results. RESULTS: Of the 858 patients who were enrolled, the mean gestational age was 36 weeks (median = 39, mode = 40) and 17 (2%) refused testing. Of the 841 patients tested, 13 were positive by both tests, which represents a 1.5% prevalence (95% confidence interval: 0.7%-2.3%); all were confirmed by ELISA and WB analysis. Seven samples gave discordant results by the rapid tests; of these, six were ELISA-negative/WB-negative and one was ELISA-negative/WB-indeterminate. The positive predictive value for samples that were positive by both rapid tests simultaneously was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Two rapid HIV tests used at labor were well accepted (98%). When the combined results of the two rapid tests (but not a single rapid test) were analyzed, this strategy was as efficient as the standard ELISA and WB HIV strategy for correctly classifying individuals.     

Evaluation of anhydride oligomers within polymer microsphere blends and their impact on bioadhesion and drug delivery in vitro

The effect of the addition of small molecular weight anhydride oligomers to polymer microspheres was evaluated and increased bioadhesion of the composite was demonstrated. Blends of low molecular weight anhydride oligomers with thermoplastic poly(fumaric-co-sebacic anhydride) [p(FASA)] and polycaprolactone were examined. The effects of anhydride oligomers on polymer microsphere degradation, crystallinity, and surface morphology were also explored. The results demonstrated that fumaric anhydride oligomer remained within polymer microspheres for several hours after exposure to phosphate buffer, formed a homogenous crystalline blend, increased bioadhesion as measured on rat intestine, and enhanced drug delivery in vitro as measured by the everted sac technique.     

Genome diversity in temperate bacteriophages of Oenococcus oeni

Summary.  The genome structure of six bacteriophages of Oenococcus oeni was compared. Two distinct groups with no apparent restriction site conservation were defined. In members of the α group (fOgML34, fOg4029, fOg30 and fOg218) a 7.5 kb region containing the origin of DNA packaging (cos) was highly conserved. Stretches of DNA heterogeneity could also be assigned to particular regions and were mostly evident in the right area of the genomes. fOg44 and fOgPSU1 (β group) were indistinguishable in the left half of their genomes, including cos, but were markedly dissimilar in other regions. Strong labelling signals detected in cross-hybridizations involving members of different groups were confined to fragments centrally located in their physical maps. The attachment site (attP) of fOg44 was assigned to this conserved region. It is suggested that recombination events at this location may have been important in generating the observed diversity of oenophage genomes. Accepted October 15, 1997 Received August 11, 1997     

Acute respiratory infection by human metapneumovirus in children in southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has been described as an etiologic agent of acute respiratory infections (ARI), mainly in pediatric patients. Viral isolation is difficult and has low sensitivity, and consequently RT-PCR assays are currently used for detection. OBJECTIVES: Detect hMPV in ARI in hospitalized children in Southern Brazil; standardize a RT-PCR for routine hMPV diagnosis; validate a positive control for molecular tests; and perform phylogenetics analyses. STUDY DESIGN: Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) from 156 hospitalized children were studied. A conserved region of the nucleoprotein gene was cloned, characterized and used to standardize an RT-PCR assay. Phylogenetic analyses were performed. Clinical data were obtained from medical records. RESULTS: hMPV was detected in 6.4% of the samples. Dyspnea and wheezing were frequently reported symptoms and the most common diagnoses were bronchiolitis, acute respiratory insufficiency or laryngotracheobronchitis. Nucleotide sequence alignment revealed 97.7% identity with genotype A1 of hMPV. The detection limit of hMPV genomes by RT-PCR in clinical samples was 180 copies/microL. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of the detection and genetic characterization of hMPV infections in children with lower ARI in Southern Brazil.     

Water intake during the development of renal hypertension (2K-1C) in mice

For both practical and methodological reasons, mice have been the most widely employed species for development of transgenic and gene knockin and knockout animals. However, basic behavioral and physiology control and regulatory mechanisms in mice are not well characterized. To broaden our understanding of the processes maintaining body fluid and blood pressure homeostasis in the mouse, the objectives of this study were to evaluate voluntary water, and sodium intakes during the development of renal hypertension and to examine the relationship between hypertension and the quantities of water and salt ingested. In male, C57BL/6J mice, two-kidney, one-clip renal hypertension (2K-1C) was induced, and water and 1.8% NaCl intakes were monitored for 2 weeks. At the end of this period, all animals received arterial catheters for direct recording of blood pressure. The mice that received renal artery clips were sorted into hypertensive (152+/-4 mm Hg) and normotensive (122+/-2 mm Hg) groups and were compared to control (117+/-4 mm Hg) animals that underwent a sham renal clipping procedure. Hypertensive 2K-1C animals had significantly elevated water intake compared to control animals. On most of the postsurgical days, the normotensive 2K-1C animals did not display increased water intake in comparison to the control group. No significant effect was detected for 1.8% saline intake between any of the pairs of groups. In summary, the reduction of blood flow to a single kidney in the 2K-1C model of renal hypertension induces high blood pressure accompanied by sustained hyperdipsia in the mouse.     

Association Between Maternal Work and Exclusive Breastfeeding in Countries of Latin America and Caribbean

Maternal and Child Health Journal - The aim of this study was to estimate the association between individual and contextual characteristics related to maternal work and exclusive breastfeeding...     

Dietary Patterns During Pregnancy and Their Association with Gestational Weight Gain and Anthropometric Measurements at Birth

Maternal and Child Health Journal - Dietary patterns can influence maternal and child health outcomes. The study aims to characterize dietary patterns during pregnancy as well as to identify their...     

Coconut Oil Supplementation Does Not Affect Blood Pressure Variability and Oxidative Stress: A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study in Stage-1 Hypertensive Patients

Exploring an alternative to improve the clinical management of hypertension, we tested the hypothesis that food supplementation with coconut oil (EVCO), alone or combined with aerobic exercise training, could exert an antihypertensive effect (primary outcome) in patients with stage 1 hypertension. Forty-five hypertensive volunteers of both genders participated in a placebo-controlled clinical trial. The volunteers were submitted to 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, analysis of blood pressure variability (BPV), measurement of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and nutritional assessment. Results indicate that EVCO consumption had no adverse effects. The supplementation did not increase the caloric intake compared with placebo, and the dietary constituents were similar between groups, except for the saturated fats, especially lauric acid. The analysis of blood pressure indicated absence of antihypertensive effect of EVCO alone or combined with physical training. Furthermore, no effects on blood pressure variability and oxidative stress were observed in the supplemented hypertensive patients. Thus, despite the results observed in pre-clinical studies, the current clinical study did not provide evidence to support the use of coconut oil as an adjuvant in the management of hypertension in humans.     

Functional Health Literacy: Psychometric Properties of the Newest Vital Sign for Portuguese Adolescents (NVS-PTeen)

Self-management of health requires skills to obtain, process, understand, and use health-related information. Assessment of adolescents’ functional health literacy requires valid, reliable, and low-burden tools. The main objective of this study was to adapt and study the psychometric properties of the Newest Vital Sign for the Portuguese adolescents’ population (NVS-PTeen). Classic psychometric indicators of reliability and validity were combined with item response theory (IRT) analyses in a cross-sectional survey, complemented with a 3-month test-retest assessment. The NVS-PTeen was self-administered to students enrolled in grades 8 to 12 (12 to 17 years old) in a school setting. Overall, 386 students (191 girls) from 16 classes of the same school participated in the study (mean age = 14.5; SD = 1.5). Internal reliability of the NVS-PTeen was α = 0.60. The NVS-PTeen total score was positively and significantly correlated with Portuguese (r = 0.28) and mathematics scores (r = 0.31), school years (r = 0.31), and age (r = 0.19). Similar to the original scale (for the U.S.), the NVS-PTeen is composed of two dimensions, reading-related literacy and numeracy. Temporal reliability is adequate, though with a learning effect. IRT analyses revealed differences in difficulty and discriminative capacity among items, all with adequate outfit and infit values. Results showed that the NVS-PTeen is valid and reliable, sensible to inter-individual educational differences, and adequate for regular screening of functional health literacy in adolescents.