Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in Iranian Children,Tehran, Iran

Background

Cryptosporidium is a worldwide protozoan parasite and one of the most common causes of infection and diarrhea in humans and cattle. The aim of the present study was determination of subtypes of Cryptosporidium among children with diarrhea in Tehran by sequence analysis of the highly polymorphic 60-kDa glycoprotein (GP60) gene.

Methods

Fecal samples were collected from 794 diarrheic children. Initial identification of Cryptosporidium was carried out on stool samples by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining method. DNA was extracted from positive microscopically samples and Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes were determined, accordingly.

Results

Out of 794 collected samples, 19 (2.40%) were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Sequences analysis of GP60 gene showed that 17 (89.47%) of the positive isolates were Cryptosporidium parvum and 2 (10.52%) were C. hominis. All subtypes of C. parvum isolates belonged to allele families IIa (6/17) and IId (11/17). The most common allele in all 17 isolates belonged to IId A20G1a (41.18%). A22G1 (IF) subtype was detected in two C. hominis isolates of the children.

Conclusion

The predominancy of C. parvum species (specially, IId A20G1a subtype) in current study underlines the importance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium transmission in Iran.     

口服Carvedilol治疗心力衰竭多中心研究(MOCHA)

标题　Ｃａｒｖｅｄｉｌｏｌ对慢性心力衰竭患者左心室功能的改善和存活的提高呈剂量相关性作者　ＢｒｉｓｔｏｗＭＲ，ＧｉｌｂｅｒｔＥＭ，ＡｂｒａｈａｍＷＴ，等　　Ｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ１９９６，９４：２８０７～２８１６　　研究疾病：充血性心力衰竭。目的：对Ｃａｒｖｅｄｉｌｏｌ治疗慢性心力衰竭患者剂量－疗效特征进行评价。　　设计：随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的多中心研究，剂量效应关系研究。病人资料：共３４５名心力衰竭患者，年龄１８～８５岁，左室射血分数≤０－３５，心力衰竭症状时间≥３月，研究前所有患者必须用利…     

Volumetric rendering of MR images

The authors developed new techniques for three-dimensional display of magnetic resonance (MR) images that preserve soft-tissue definition, are fully automatic, and work with routinely used section thicknesses. MR images are segmented, selectively enhanced, and displayed by means of a volumetric rendering algorithm. These techniques were used to illustrate normal anatomy of the brain, knee, and liver. Three-dimensional rendering of balanced spin-echo images shows the ventricles and extracerebral veins and of T1-weighted images, the sulci and gyri. The large hepatic and portal vessels can be seen with these enhancement techniques. Three-dimensional views of the knee reveal articular surfaces of the tibia and clearly depict menisci and posterior and anterior cruciate ligaments. These techniques make it possible to image multiple soft tissues simultaneously while preserving the detail contained in the original images. Three-dimensional presentation of complex, overlapping anatomic regions is helpful in surgical planning and should lead to improved diagnosis.     

Pulmonary manifestations of AIDS: review of 106 episodes

We reviewed the clinical records and chest radiographs of all patients admitted to our institution between 1982 and 1984 who had pulmonary disease and who were later proved to have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (95 patients). Diffuse parenchymal lung disease was the most common finding. These infiltrates were usually interstitial and caused by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or P. carinii combined with cytomegalovirus infection. Focal, multilobar, interstitial infiltrates were also often seen and usually caused by P. carinii or P. carinii and cytomegalovirus infections. Rarely, well-defined, multiple, interstitial nodules less than 10 mm in diameter were the only or predominant characteristic and were seen only in association with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Cryptococcus neoformans infections or Kaposi sarcoma. Hilar or mediastinal adenopathy occurred in 17 of the 21 patients with M. tuberculosis or C. neoformans infections. In contrast, only 4% of patients with P. carinii infections presented with these findings. We also found that hilar or mediastinal adenopathy was not significantly associated with peripheral adenopathy. Lung cavitation, pleural effusion, or a normal chest radiograph was uncommon.     

Effect of diabetes on the free polyol pattern in cataractous lenses

To obtain information about the effects of lenticular polyols on the prevention, initial stages, and development of diabetic cataracts, we identified and determined with gas-liquid chromatography or gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry eight polyols in cataractous lenses of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients and nondiabetic subjects. In the diabetics' lenses, the concentrations of polyols (e.g., sorbitol, fructose, mannitol, and adonitol) were higher than in the nondiabetics' lenses, whereas the concentration of 1-deoxyglucose was lower. The mean concentration of myo-inositol in lenses of diabetics was lower than that of nondiabetics, but this difference was statistically not significant. The total content of eight polyols in the diabetics' lenses did not differ significantly from that in the nondiabetics. In the lenses of diabetics, the content of glucose correlated positively with that of adonitol, fructose, and sorbitol. In the lenses of nondiabetics, the content of glucose correlated positively with that of mannitol and inversely with that of 1-deoxyglucose and myo-inositol. In diabetics, hemoglobin A1 (%) correlated positively with the concentration of adonitol in the lenses and inversely with the concentration of lens myo-inositol; however, it did not correlate with the concentration of glucose in lenses. Regulation of both the metabolism of lenticular polyols and the pattern of polyols in serum may be necessary for normalizing lenticular polyol content.     

Anti-Sc1 in pregnancy

Anti-Sc1 was detected in a gravida-2 patient at 12 weeks' gestation. At 29 weeks, the antibody was found to be of the IgG3 subclass with a titer of 16, score 36, by the indirect antiglobulin test, and it produced 7 percent lysis by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay, a finding that suggested an unaffected fetus. The titer remained constant throughout the pregnancy, as did the IgG subclass and activity in the ADCC assay. At delivery of the full-term infant, the cord hemoglobin was 13.5 g per dL and the direct antiglobulin test was positive (3+) with anti-IgG. The infant did not require transfusion. A sample taken 9 weeks after delivery showed 44 percent lysis in the ADCC assay. The anti-Sc1 titer was 32, score 65.     

Anti-desmoglein 1 antibodies in healthy related and unrelated subjects and patients with pemphigus foliaceus in endemic and non-endemic areas from Tunisia

Background  Pemphigus foliaceus is an autoimmune blistering skin disease characterized by the production of pathogenic IgG autoantibodies directed against desmoglein 1.
Aim  To determine the prevalence of anti-desmoglein 1 antibodies in healthy subjects and their distribution in the different regions of Tunisia and to better identify endemic areas of pemphigus foliaceus.
Methods  We tested, by enzyme-linked immunoserbent assay, sera of 270 normal subjects recruited from different Tunisian areas and 203 related healthy relatives to 90 Tunisian pemphigus foliaceus patients.
Results  Seventy-six patients (84.4%), 20 healthy controls (7.4%), and 32 relatives (15.76%) had anti-desmoglein 1 antibodies. In southern regions where pemphigus foliaceus is associated with a significant sex ratio imbalance (9 female : 1 male in the south vs. 2.3 : 1 in the north) and a lower mean age of disease onset (33.5 in the south vs. 45 years in the north), a higher prevalence of anti-desmoglein 1 antibodies in healthy controls was observed (9.23% vs. 5.71% in the north). Interestingly, the highest prevalence of anti-desmoglein 1 antibodies in healthy relatives (up to 22%) was observed in the most rural southern localities. More than half anti-desmoglein 1–positive healthy controls were living in rural conditions with farming as occupation, which suggests that this activity may expose the subjects to particular environmental conditions.
Conclusion  These results show that the endemic features of Tunisian pemphigus foliaceus are focused in these southern areas more than in other areas and that both environmental and genetic factors contribute to the disease.

Conflicts of interest

None declared.     

Cannabinoids, loratadine and allopurinol as novel additions to the antipsoriatic ammunition

As the current antipsoriatic medications are commonly associated with deleterious side-effects, a determined search for safer agents, which could be used alone or in combination with current antipsoriatic drugs, would be very imperative. Psoriasis is believed to be characterized by a type 1 cytokine pattern; interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha are predominantly expressed in this disorder. Nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, histamine, leukotriene B4, and decreased [corrected] keratinocyte cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cAMP/cGMP) ratio are supposed to play roles in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Based on the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis, this paper introduces three novel, potential treatments for this clinical conundrum: (i) cannabinoids, which exert inhibitory effects on antigen processing and macrophage/T-cell interaction and also on the release of IL-2, TNF-alpha and nitric oxide from immune cells; (ii) loratadine, which is an antihistamine capable of increasing [corrected] the cAMP/cGMP ratio and the production of leukotriene B4; and (iii) allopurinol, which scavenges free radicals, inhibits the production of TNF-alpha, and downregulates the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and P2X7 receptors on monocytes/macrophages, which are involved in antigen presentation and production of the inflammatory response, respectively. Importantly, allopurinol, especially in combination with cyclosporin, has been shown to be effective against experimental autoimmune uveitis, which, like psoriasis, is a cell-mediated autoimmune disorder.