Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy of Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies

The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) can cause different types of cancer in human beings when the virus infects different cell types with various latent patterns. EBV shapes a distinct and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to its benefit by influencing and interacting with different components in the TME. Different EBV-associated malignancies adopt similar but slightly specific immunosuppressive mechanisms by encoding different EBV products to escape both innate and adaptive immune responses. Strategies reversing the immunosuppressive TME of EBV-associated malignancies have been under evaluation in clinical practice. As the interactions among EBV, tumor cells, and TME are intricate, in this review, we mainly discuss the epidemiology of EBV, the life cycle of EBV, the cellular and molecular composition of TME, and a landscape of different EBV-associated malignancies and immunotherapy by targeting the TME.     

Induction of apoptotic cell death in human bladder cancer cells by ethanol extract of Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf,through ROS-dependent inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESZanthoxylum schinifolium is traditionally used as a spice for cooking in East Asian countries. This study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-proliferative potential of ethanol extracts of Z. schinifolium leaves (EEZS) against human bladder cancer T24 cells.MATERIALS/METHODSSubsequent to measuring the cytotoxicity of EEZS, the anti-cancer activity was measured by assessing apoptosis induction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). In addition, we determined the underlying mechanism of EEZS-induced apoptosis through various assays, including Western blot analysis.RESULTSEEZS treatment concentration-dependently inhibited T24 cell survival, which is associated with apoptosis induction. Exposure to EEZS induced the expression of Fas and Fas-ligand, activated caspases, and subsequently resulted to cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. EEZS also enhanced the expression of cytochrome c in the cytoplasm by suppressing MMP, following increase in the ratio of Bax:Bcl-2 expression and truncation of Bid. However, EEZS-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis were significantly diminished by a pan-caspase inhibitor. Moreover, EEZS inhibited activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, and the apoptosis-inducing potential of EEZS was promoted in the presence of PI3K/Akt inhibitor. In addition, EEZS enhanced the production of ROS, whereas N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, markedly suppressed growth inhibition and inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway induced by EEZS. Furthermore, NAC significantly attenuated the EEZS-induced apoptosis and reduction of cell viability.CONCLUSIONSTaken together, our results indicate that exposure to EEZS exhibits anti-cancer activity in T24 bladder cancer cells through ROS-dependent induction of apoptosis and inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.     

槲寄生抗氧化物质的研究测定

目的;研究槲寄生抗化物质并进行活性测定。方法：分别测定了槲寄生Viscum coloratum(Kom.)Nakai叶,茎,果中超氧化歧化酶（SOD）,过氧化氢酶（CAT）,过氧化物酶（POD）,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－Px)等抗氧化酶的活性,GSH,绿原酸,类黄酮等小分子抗氧化物质的含量以及总抗氧化能力。结果：发现该植物富含抗氧化物质。结论：表明槲寄生所含抗化活性物质种类多,数量大,具很强的抗氧化能力,尤以叶为最。     

扶正消瘤液对肿瘤化疗增敏作用的临床研究

观察中药复方在肿瘤化疗增敏方面的作用。将 6 9例晚期肿瘤患者随机分为治疗组和对照组 ,治疗组用中药复方扶正消瘤液配合化疗进行临床治疗 ,并与单纯化疗组进行对照。两组化疗方法相同。结果 ,治疗组有效率为 31.5 8% ,对照组有效率为 2 2 .5 8% ,统计学处理差异明显 (P<0 .0 5 )。治疗组治疗前后 TL c TR、NKc A、s IL-2 R及对照组治疗后相比均有显著性差异。结论 ,中药复方扶正消瘤液对晚期肿瘤化疗有一定的增敏作用。     

麝香酮对氰化钠加缺糖致PC12细胞缺血损伤的保护作用

目的:研究麝香酮对PC12细胞缺血损伤的影响。方法:在离体培养的PC12细胞,用NaCN加缺糖造成拟缺血损伤模型,通过细胞形态学观察、MTT微量比色、培养介质LDH活力测定,研究了麝香酮对该模型的保护作用。结果:10-7~510-5mol/L范围内,麝香酮呈浓度依赖性地降低NaCN加缺糖造成拟缺血损伤模型培养介质内LDH的释放,其IC50为:43.33μmol/L。在10-7~510-5mol/L范围内,麝香酮呈浓度依赖性地增加NaCN加缺糖造成拟缺血损伤模型培养介质的MTT比色值,其IC50为30.62μmol/L。结论:麝香酮对PC12细胞缺血损伤具有保护作用。     

细胞共培养技术在医药研究中的应用

细胞共培养由于能更好地模拟体内环境,便于更好的观察细胞与细胞、细胞与培养环境之间的相互作用以及探讨药物的作用机制和可能的作用靶点,填补了单层细胞培养与整体动物实验研究的鸿沟,近年来倍受医药领域的关注,成为药物研发、生物制药领域的研究热点.细胞共培养方法包括直接共培养和间接共培养,主要用于疾病病理基础、新型治疗手段以及药物活性筛选的研究.现有的细胞共培养技术主要用于单一药物的药效学研究,用于联合药物相互作用的研究甚少.中药复方之间协同配伍,减毒增效.细胞共培养技术符合中药多成分、多靶点的作用特点,这对于未来探讨中药联合用药对机体的作用及机制的研究具有一定参考价值,为中药及复方研究提供了一种新的手段.该文就细胞共培养技术的方法与运用进行了概述,并对该技术运用于中药及复方的研究进行了展望.     

中药复方研发与专利保护协调发展之积极影响分析

中药复方研发成果与日俱增,而成果的专利保护状况却不容乐观.中药复方专利保护与中药新药研发、产业发展、中药国际化等诸多领域息息相关,促成中药复方研发与专利保护的协调发展对于国内乃至国际社会影响深远.     

剖宫直视下胎儿左侧先天性肺囊腺样畸形切除术后新生儿1例

先天性肺囊腺瘤样畸形(CCAM)是由于末端支气管呈瘤样过度生长,同时损害肺泡,在肺实质内形成有明显界限的一种病变,可在患儿出生后不久导致呼吸循环衰竭而死亡[1]。该症可分为3型。其中Ⅲ型预后不良,Ⅱ型并胎儿水肿及羊水增多,预后亦极差,一般均需外科干预,但往往在出生早期即失去手术机会[2]。从20世纪90年代起美国及欧洲一些国家已逐渐发展形成胎儿手术