全文获取类型
收费全文 | 16597篇 |
免费 | 999篇 |
国内免费 | 77篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 95篇 |
儿科学 | 455篇 |
妇产科学 | 418篇 |
基础医学 | 2472篇 |
口腔科学 | 552篇 |
临床医学 | 1318篇 |
内科学 | 4005篇 |
皮肤病学 | 345篇 |
神经病学 | 1548篇 |
特种医学 | 611篇 |
外国民族医学 | 2篇 |
外科学 | 1510篇 |
综合类 | 69篇 |
一般理论 | 6篇 |
预防医学 | 1537篇 |
眼科学 | 366篇 |
药学 | 1215篇 |
中国医学 | 93篇 |
肿瘤学 | 1056篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 100篇 |
2022年 | 235篇 |
2021年 | 466篇 |
2020年 | 274篇 |
2019年 | 416篇 |
2018年 | 567篇 |
2017年 | 321篇 |
2016年 | 438篇 |
2015年 | 477篇 |
2014年 | 655篇 |
2013年 | 800篇 |
2012年 | 1253篇 |
2011年 | 1306篇 |
2010年 | 676篇 |
2009年 | 636篇 |
2008年 | 1019篇 |
2007年 | 1071篇 |
2006年 | 967篇 |
2005年 | 861篇 |
2004年 | 727篇 |
2003年 | 758篇 |
2002年 | 677篇 |
2001年 | 253篇 |
2000年 | 217篇 |
1999年 | 206篇 |
1998年 | 181篇 |
1997年 | 174篇 |
1996年 | 148篇 |
1995年 | 115篇 |
1994年 | 117篇 |
1993年 | 129篇 |
1992年 | 127篇 |
1991年 | 100篇 |
1990年 | 93篇 |
1989年 | 128篇 |
1988年 | 112篇 |
1987年 | 93篇 |
1986年 | 101篇 |
1985年 | 84篇 |
1984年 | 66篇 |
1983年 | 59篇 |
1982年 | 46篇 |
1981年 | 53篇 |
1980年 | 50篇 |
1979年 | 34篇 |
1978年 | 30篇 |
1977年 | 25篇 |
1976年 | 24篇 |
1975年 | 34篇 |
1974年 | 23篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 46 毫秒
991.
Mata AL Rosa RT Rosa EA Gonçalves RB Höfling JF 《Oral microbiology and immunology》2000,15(6):350-354
A total of 49 Candida albicans strains were isolated from the saliva of 11 healthy children in Piracicaba, Brazil and were analyzed according to their alloenzymatic patterns. Among eight loci assayed, seven were polymorphic and allowed to determine allelic and genotype frequencies, in order to establish the genetic variables for this fungal population. Some children showed just one genetic type, whereas other harbored two or more clones of such yeast, in a multiclonal manner of colonization by C. albicans. 相似文献
992.
Resistance of Copenhagen rats to chemical induction of glutathione S- transferase 7-7-positive liver foci 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Copenhagen (Cop) rats are completely resistant to the chemical induction of
mammary adenocarcinomas, but their susceptibility to hepatocarcinogenesis
is virtually unknown. Rat liver is a well- characterized and easily
manipulated tissue in which to study carcinogenesis. Therefore, if Cop rats
are resistant to hepatocarcinogenesis, studies into resistance mechanisms
may be feasible. Male Cop and F344 rats, 7-8 weeks old, were initiated
using either N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) (200 mg/kg, i.p.) or a two-thirds
partial hepatectomy (PH) followed by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) (60
mg/kg, i.p.). The rats were then promoted using a modified resistant
hepatocyte (RH) protocol (a combination of four doses of 2-
acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) and a single dose of CCl4 that provides a
selective mitotic stimulus for initiated cells). Six weeks after initiation
the rats were killed and liver sections were stained for glutathione
S-transferase 7-7 (GST 7-7), a marker for putative preneoplastic
hepatocytes. Cop rats were found to be highly resistant, having a
approximately 9- and approximately 27-fold smaller percentage of liver area
occupied by GST 7-7-positive foci than susceptible F344 rats following
initiation by DEN and MNU respectively. Furthermore, gross liver nodules
did not form in any of the Cop rats, whereas all F344 rat livers contained
nodules. Hepatic necrosis caused by DEN during initiation, and CCl4 during
promotion is necessary to stimulate compensatory hepatocyte division. We
demonstrated that these agents do indeed increase serum transaminase levels
and produce histologic evidence of necrosis in Cop rats. In order for liver
foci to grow rapidly in the RH protocol, the surrounding normal hepatocytes
must be mito-inhibited by 2-AAF. We found that the degree of
mito-inhibition of normal hepatocytes by 2-AAF is the same in Cop and F344
rats. These results show that the Cop rat is highly resistant to the
chemical induction of putative preneoplastic liver foci and nodules.
相似文献
993.
994.
Tissue protein turnover during liver carcinogenesis 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Canuto Rosa A.; Tessitore Luciana; Muzio Giuliana; Autelli Riccardo; Baccino Francesco M. 《Carcinogenesis》1993,14(12):2581-2587
Overall rates of tissue protein degradation in vivo during chemicalhepatocarcinogenesis were estimated by a double-isotope methodas well as from the accumulation of peptide intermediates inprotein degradation induced by bestatin. Several parametersestimating rates of cell proliferation and cell loss have beenmeasured in parallel. The two procedures adopted consistentlyindicated that protein turnover was significantly slowed downthrough the whole observation period (12 months after the initiatingadministration of DENA) in both preneoplasticnodules and hepatomas as compared with control livers or perinodulartissue. Such a difference may confer a selective growth advantageto preneoplastic and tumoral cells. Since proteindegradation rates did not appreciably differ between nodulesand hepatomas, either such advantage originated from some earlystep in the carcinogenetic process or it merely reflected theproliferative events in the two cell populations. Yet neitherliver nodules nor hepatomas were characterized by very highrates of cell proliferation, however much increased with respectto control liver. 相似文献
995.
PG GIBSON JE STUART J WLODARCZYK LG OLSON MJ HENSLEY 《Journal of paediatrics and child health》1996,32(2):143-147
Objective : Chronic middle ear disease is common in Aboriginal children, and may be linked to nasal inflammation and Eustachian tube dysfunction. The pattern of nasal inflammation is unknown. The study reported here was performed to define the role of allergy and infection in causing nasal inflammation in Aboriginal children with chronic middle ear disease.
Methodology : Thirty-one Aboriginal children aged between 3 and 7 years underwent clinical assessment, audiometry and allergy skin tests. Nasal swabs for bacterial culture and cytology were performed during the winter and again in spring to identify any seasonal variation. A randomized trial of nasal beclomethasone for 8 weeks was conducted in children with abnormal tympanometry to identify the effect of therapy upon nasal cytology.
Results : Twenty-six of the 31 children had abnormal tympanograms. Average hearing levels were reduced in nine children. Pathogenic organisms were isolated from most children: Streptococcus pneumoniae (82%), Haemophilus influenzae (79%), Moraxella catarrhalis (39%) and Staphylococcus aureus (29%). Eight of the 31 children (26%) were atopic. Nasal cytology disclosed a marked neutrophil infiltrate (80% of cells) during the winter, which fell significantly in spring to 52% of cells. Only two subjects had nasal eosinophilia of >10%. There was no effect of beclomethasone on nasal cytology.
Conclusions : Chronic ear disease in Aboriginal children is associated with nasal inflammation, neutrophil infiltration and the presence of bacteria. These features suggest respiratory infection as the main cause of chronic nasal inflammation in Aboriginal children with middle ear disease. There is a seasonal variation in the severity of the nasal infiltrate, consistent with increased infections during winter. Despite a high prevalence of atopy, allergic nasal disease was uncommon. 相似文献
Methodology : Thirty-one Aboriginal children aged between 3 and 7 years underwent clinical assessment, audiometry and allergy skin tests. Nasal swabs for bacterial culture and cytology were performed during the winter and again in spring to identify any seasonal variation. A randomized trial of nasal beclomethasone for 8 weeks was conducted in children with abnormal tympanometry to identify the effect of therapy upon nasal cytology.
Results : Twenty-six of the 31 children had abnormal tympanograms. Average hearing levels were reduced in nine children. Pathogenic organisms were isolated from most children: Streptococcus pneumoniae (82%), Haemophilus influenzae (79%), Moraxella catarrhalis (39%) and Staphylococcus aureus (29%). Eight of the 31 children (26%) were atopic. Nasal cytology disclosed a marked neutrophil infiltrate (80% of cells) during the winter, which fell significantly in spring to 52% of cells. Only two subjects had nasal eosinophilia of >10%. There was no effect of beclomethasone on nasal cytology.
Conclusions : Chronic ear disease in Aboriginal children is associated with nasal inflammation, neutrophil infiltration and the presence of bacteria. These features suggest respiratory infection as the main cause of chronic nasal inflammation in Aboriginal children with middle ear disease. There is a seasonal variation in the severity of the nasal infiltrate, consistent with increased infections during winter. Despite a high prevalence of atopy, allergic nasal disease was uncommon. 相似文献
996.
Histidinaemia is a relatively common inherited metabolic disorder with an incidence similar to phenylketonuria. This paper reports the long term outcome of patients diagnosed by newborn screening in the north west of England. Between 1966 and 1990, 108 infants were diagnosed as having histidinaemia by a regional neonatal screening programme (incidence 1:11,083). A further five children were detected following diagnosis in a sibling. Of the 113, nine were lost to follow up. Infants diagnosed before 1981 (n = 47) were placed on a low histidine diet (225 mg/kg/d) for an average period of 21 months (SD 4.5). All patients were reviewed regularly, Griffiths developmental quotients (DQ) were assessed at 2 and 4 years, and WISC-R intelligence quotients (IQ) at 8, 12, and 18 years. IQ data were converted to standard deviation scores (IQ SDS) to account for increasing IQ norms with time. Neither DQ nor IQ correlated with plasma histidine at diagnosis or with the mean plasma histidine throughout life. Growth was normal in all patients. There was no apparent benefit from a low histidine diet in early childhood. In contrast to other studies, there was no excess of clinical symptoms. On the basis of these findings, histidinaemia is a benign metabolic disorder that does not require treatment. 相似文献
997.
From January to December 1997, stools submitted for routine culture were also screened for E. coli O157:H7 to investigate its incidence in our area. Bloody and non-bloody stools were studied. E. coli O157:H7 was not recovered from any of the samples tested. We believe, therefore, that we are in a low rate of infection area, and accordingly do not recommend routine screening of this pathogen. 相似文献
998.
A premature infant developed pericardial effusion four days after the insertion of a 25-gauge silastic percutaneous central venous catheter. The effusion contained parenteral nutrition fluid and resolved rapidly after withdrawal of the catheter. Pericardial effusion is a potential complication of percutaneous, as well as surgically placed, central venous catheters. 相似文献
999.
L Armenio G Baldini M Bardare A Boner R Burgio G Cavagni M La Rosa F Marcucci M Miraglia del Giudice MR Pulejo 《Archives of disease in childhood》1993,68(2):193-197
After a two week baseline, 209 asthmatic children (mean age 10 years, range 6-17) were randomly allocated to receive 4 mg nedocromil sodium (n = 110) or placebo (n = 99) four times daily for 12 weeks in addition to their current treatment. The children completed daily diary cards and visited the clinic at four week intervals. Statistically significant differences in favour of nedocromil sodium were seen for clinician assessment of asthma severity and diary card symptom scores, pulmonary function and inhaled beta 2 bronchodilator use. Total symptom score decreased by 50% from baseline in the nedocromil sodium group and by 9% in the placebo group during the final four weeks. Nedocromil sodium was considered very or moderately effective by 78% of children/parents (placebo 59%) and 73% of clinicians (placebo 50%). Nausea, headache and sleepiness, and dyspnoea led to withdrawal of one child from nedocromil sodium and placebo treatments, respectively. Reports of sore throat and headache were marginally greater with the nedocromil sodium treatment. It is concluded that nedocromil sodium was both effective and safe in the treatment of asthma in children. 相似文献
1000.