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Stephen E. Rill Mark Hallett Lisa M. McShane 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1997,113(1):33-47
A coordinated triggering task requiring use of kinesthetic information was employed to assess the timing of use of kinesthetic
information in normal subjects and patients with cerebellar dysfunction. Passive movements of varying velocity were imposed
in the flexor direction about the metacarpophalangeal joint of the right index finger. Subjects attempted to depress a switch
with their left thumb when the index finger moved, past a specified angle that was learned during a training session. The
velocities ranged from 10°/s to 88°/s in 2°/s increments. After 200 trials, subjects were then instructed instead to react
as quickly as possible (reaction-time task) to the onset of movement for an additional 200 trials. For the same movements,
the timing of onset of responses of muscle spindle afferents and cutaneous mechanoreceptors was determined by recording the
responses of these afferents using microneurography. For slow velocities, patients were able to perform similarly to normals
but at faster velocities patients triggered too late compared with normals. Patients required more time to use kinesthetic
information than did normal subjects. An estimate of kinesthetic processing was not longer in patients. The chief explanation
for the prolonged time required to use kinesthetic information in patients was that their reaction times were prolonged by
93 ms. In addition, the movement time was also prolonged, but this accounted for only 23 ms. Impaired motor performance in
tasks requiring the use of kinesthetic information in cerebellar patients can be explained largely by their prolonged reaction
times. Muscle spindle afferents responded on average much sooner than cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Because of the limited time
available to perfomr the kinesthetic triggering task, the role for cutaneous mechanoreceptors, to provide singals for on-line
coordination of movement appears limited compared with muscle spindle afferents. 相似文献
24.
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of view box luminance and viewing conditions on low-contrast detection by readers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Radiographs of a mammographic contrast-detail phantom were examined on 632 view box panels. The luminance of these panels was obtained by using a calibrated meter and ranged from 860 to 3,300 nit. Twelve radiologists reported the number of contrast-detail disks for each size (diameter, 0.3-7.0 mm) deemed to be visible on films with optical densities of 1.00-2.60. Radiologist performance in reading low-contrast phantom images was also studied as a function of room illuminance and image masking. RESULTS: Median luminance was 1,700 nit, with 25- and 75-percentile values of 1,450 and 2,150 nit, respectively. Low-contrast visibility generally was independent of view box luminance, regardless of film density or disk diameter. Low-contrast visibility deteriorated when masking around the image was removed and at normal room illuminance. The greatest deterioration in performance occurred at the highest film densities and with the smallest size disks. CONCLUSION: Detection of low-contrast features on radiographs is relatively independent of view box luminance, but it is degraded by the presence of stray light and by increased room illuminance. 相似文献
25.
DR Brewster MJ Manary IS Menzies EV O'Loughlin RL Henry 《Archives of disease in childhood》1997,76(3):236-241
Intestinal permeability can be assessed non-invasively using the lactulose-rhamnose (L-R) test, which is a reliable measure of small intestinal integrity. AIMS: To determine risk factors for abnormal intestinal permeability in kwashiorkor, and to measure changes in L-R ratios with inpatient rehabilitation. DESIGN: A case-control study of 149 kwashiorkor cases and 45 hospital controls. The L-R test was adapted to study kwashiorkor in Malawi, with testing at weekly intervals during nutritional rehabilitation. Urine sugars were measured by thin layer chromatography in London. RESULTS: The initial geometric mean L-R ratios (x100) (with 95% confidence interval) in kwashiorkor were 17.3 (15.0 to 19.8) compared with 7.0 (5.6 to 8.7) for controls. Normal ratios are < 5, so the high ratios in controls indicate tropical enteropathy syndrome. Abnormal permeability in kwashiorkor was associated with death, oliguria, sepsis, diarrhoea, wasting and young age. Diarrhoea and death were associated with both decreased L-rhamnose absorption (diminished absorptive surface area) and increased lactulose permeation (impaired barrier function) whereas nutritional wasting affected only L-rhamnose absorption. Despite, clinical recovery, mean L-R ratios improved little on treatment, with mean weekly ratios of 16.3 (14.0 to 19.0), 13.3 (11.1 to 15.9) and 14.4 (11.0 to 18.8). CONCLUSION: Abnormal intestinal permeability in kwashiorkor correlates with disease severity, and improves only slowly with nutritional rehabilitation. 相似文献
26.
Interactive suppression of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in rat colon by phytic acid and green tea 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
Several epidemiological studies point to a strong correlation between
nutrient composition of the diet and cancer of the colon. Phytic acid,
present in grains, has been credited with reducing the risk of cancer of
the colon. A number of reports are available indicating the benefits of
green tea consumption in reducing the risk of stomach, lung and skin
cancer, but little data are available on the effect of green tea in
reducing the risk of colon cancer. Also, there are no studies on the
combined effect of these compounds on colon tumorigenesis. Thus the primary
objective of this investigation was to elucidate the combined effects of
green tea and phytic acid on colonic preneoplastic lesions and the Phase II
enzyme glutathione S-transferase. Fisher 344 male weanling rats were
divided into nine groups of 15 rats each and fed the experimental diet for
13 weeks. Rats received two s.c. injections of azoxymethane in saline at 16
mg/kg body wt at 7 and 8 weeks of age. Rats received three levels (0, 1 and
2%) of phytic acid with three levels (0, 1 and 2%) of green tea within each
phytic acid level in a 3 x 3 factorial experiment. Results indicate that
while green tea had a marginal effect (P < 0.14), phytic acid
significantly reduced the incidence of aberrant crypt foci (P < 0.008).
The interaction between green tea and phytic acid was significant (P <
0.029 for distal and < 0.0168 for entire colon) and positive, pointing
to a synergistic effect of green tea and phytic acid.
相似文献
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Reza Saeidi Pour DR MED DENT Otto Zuhr DR MED DENT Markus Hürzeler PROF DR MED DENT Otto Prandtner MDT Caroline Freitas Rafael Daniel Edelhoff PROF DR MED DENT Anja Liebermann DR MED DENT 《Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry : official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et al.]》2017,29(2):93-101
30.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Shwachman syndrome is an inherited condition with multisystemic abnormalities, including exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and progression of features in a large cohort of patients. METHODS: Clinical records of 25 patients with Shwachman syndrome were reviewed. RESULTS: Mean birth weight (2.92 +/- 0.51 kg) was at the 25th percentile. However, by 6 months of age, mean heights and weights were less than the 5th percentile. After 6 months of age, growth velocity was normal. Severe fat maldigestion due to pancreatic insufficiency was present in early life (fecal fat, 26% +/- 17% of fat intake; age, < 2 years). Serial assessment of exocrine pancreatic function showed persistent deficits of enzyme secretion, but 45% of patients showed moderate age-related improvements leading to pancreatic sufficiency. Neutropenia was the most common hematologic abnormality (88%), but leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia were also frequently encountered. Patients with hypoplasia of all three bone marrow cellular lines (n = 11) had the worst prognosis; 5 patients died, 2 of sepsis and 3 of acute myelogenous leukemia. Other findings included hepatomegaly and/or abnormal liver function test results and skeletal abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: A wide and varied spectrum of phenotypic abnormalities among patients with Shwachman syndrome is described. Pancreatic acinar dysfunction is an invariable abnormality. Patients with severe bone marrow involvement may have a guarded prognosis. (Gastroenterology 1996 Dec;111(6):1593-602) 相似文献