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11.
J. Konczak Maike Borutta Johannes Dichgans 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1997,113(3):465-474
Nine young infants were followed longitudinally from 4 to 15 months of age. They performed multijoint reaching movements
to a stationary target presented at shoulder height. Time-position data of the hand, shoulder, and elbow were collected using
an optoelectronic measurement system. In addition, we recorded electromyographic activity (EMG) from arm extensors and flexors.
This paper documents how control problems of proximal torque generation may account for the segmented hand paths seen during
early reaching. Our analysis revealed the following results: first, muscular impulse (integral of torque) increased significantly
between the ages of 20 (reaching onset) and 64 weeks. That is, as infants got older they produced higher levels of mean muscular
flexor torque during reaching. Data were normalized by body weight and movement time, so differences are not explained by
anthropometric changes or systematic variations in movement time. Second, while adults produced solely flexor muscle torque
to accomplish the task, infants generated flexor and extensor muscle torque at shoulder and elbow throughout a reach. At reaching
onset more than half of the trials revealed this latter kinetic profile. Its frequency declined systematically as infants
got older. Third, we examined the pattern of muscle coordination in those trials that exhibited elbow extensor muscle torque.
We found that during elbow extension coactivation of flexor and extensor muscles was the predominant pattern in 67% of the trials. This pattern was notably absent in comparable
adult reaching movements. Fourth, fluctuations in force generation, as measured by the rate of change of total torque (NET)
and muscular torque (MUS), were more frequent in early reaching (20–28 weeks) than in the older cohort (52–64 weeks), indicating
that muscular torque production became increasingly smoother and task-efficient. Our data demonstrate that young infants have
problems in generating smooth profiles of proximal joint torques. One possible reason for this imprecision in infant force
control is their inexperience in predicting the magnitude and direction of external forces. That infants learned to consider
external forces is documented by their increasing reliance on these forces when performing voluntary elbow extensions. The
patterns of muscle coordination underlying active elbow extensions were basically the same as during the prereaching phase,
indicating that the formation of functional synergies is based on a basal repertoire of innervation patterns already observable
in very early, spontaneous movements.
Received: 5 January 1996 / Accepted: 19 August 1996 相似文献
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Felix Reichert Maike Schulz Elke Mertens Raskit Lachmann Anton Aebischer 《Emerging infectious diseases》2021,27(6):1693
To validate anecdotal evidence on scabies infestations, we analyzed inpatient and outpatient claims data in Germany. Scabies diagnoses increased 9-fold and treatment failure 4-fold during 2009–2018, driven mainly by persons 15–24 years of age. Prevention and control in young adults appear key because of these persons’ high mobility and social connectivity. 相似文献
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Padraig Lyons Maike Winters Zangin Zeebari Kirsten Schmidt-Hellerau Paul Sengeh Mohammad B Jalloh Mohamed F Jalloh Helena Nordenstedt 《Bulletin of the World Health Organization》2021,99(4):271
ObjectiveTo quantify the potential impact of engaging religious leaders in promoting safe burial practices during the 2014–2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak in Sierra Leone.MethodsWe analysed population-based household survey data from 3540 respondents collected around the peak of the outbreak in Sierra Leone, December 2014. Respondents were asked if in the past month they had heard an imam or pastor say that people should not touch or wash a dead body. We used multilevel logistic regression modelling to examine if exposure to religious leaders’ messages was associated with protective burial intentions if a family member died at home and other Ebola protective behaviours.FindingsOf the respondents, 3148 (89%) had been exposed to faith-based messages from religious leaders on safe Ebola burials and 369 (10%) were unexposed. Exposure to religious leaders’ messages was associated with a nearly twofold increase in the intention to accept safe alternatives to traditional burials and the intention to wait ≥ 2 days for burial teams (adjusted odds ratio, aOR: 1.69; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.23–2.31 and aOR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.38–2.44, respectively). Exposure to messages from religious leaders was also associated with avoidance of traditional burials and of contact with suspected Ebola patients (aOR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.14–1.89 and aOR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.27–2.13, respectively).ConclusionPublic health messages promoted by religious leaders may have influenced safe burial behaviours during the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone. Engagement of religious leaders in risk communication should be prioritized during health emergencies in similar settings. 相似文献
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Emilia J. Ling Molly Frean Jody So Maike Tietschert Nancy Song Christian Covington Hassina Bahadurazada Sonia Khurana Luis Garcia Sara J. Singer 《Health services research》2021,56(3):507
ObjectiveThis study sought to identify potential disparities among racial/ethnic groups in patient perceptions of integrated care (PPIC) and to explore how methodological differences may influence measured disparities.Data SourceData from Medicare beneficiaries who completed the 2015 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) and were enrolled in Part A benefits for an entire year.Study DesignWe used 4‐point measures of eight dimensions of PPIC and assessed differences in dimensions among racial/ethnic groups. To estimate differences, we applied a “rank and replace” method using multiple regression models in three steps, balancing differences in health status among racial groups and adjusting for differences in socioeconomic status. We reran all analyses with additional SES controls and using standard multiple variable regression.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsNot applicable.Principal FindingsWe found several significant differences in perceived integrated care between Black versus White (three of eight measures) and Hispanic versus White (one of eight) Medicare beneficiaries. On average, Black beneficiaries perceived more integrated support for self‐care than did White beneficiaries (mean difference = 0.14, SE = 0.06, P =.02). Black beneficiaries perceived more integrated specialists’ knowledge of past medical history than did White beneficiaries (mean difference = 0.12, SE = 0.06, P =.01). Black and Hispanic beneficiaries also each reported, on average, 0.18 more integrated medication and home health management than did White beneficiaries (P <.01 and P <.01). These findings were robust to sensitivity analyses and model specifications.ConclusionsThere exist some aspects of care for which Black and Hispanic beneficiaries may perceive greater integrated care than non‐Hispanic White beneficiaries. Further studies should test theories explaining why racial/ethnic groups perceive differences in integrated care. 相似文献
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Information‐seeking and use of information resources among melanoma patients of German skin cancer centers 下载免费PDF全文
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