Loneliness trajectories from middle childhood to pre-adolescence: Impact on perceived health and sleep disturbance

The current study is the first to examine the association between chronic loneliness and perceived health, school absence due to illness, sleep duration and disturbance, in a sample of pre-adolescents (N = 209). Loneliness was measured in three collection waves that were 18 months apart and covered the ages 8–11 years. Using growth mixture modeling, two groups were identified with discrete growth patterns of loneliness: (a) relatively high, reducing loneliness (48%), and (b) low, stable loneliness (52%). At age 11 years, those in the relatively high, reducing lonely group reported higher levels of depressive symptoms, poorer general health, took longer to get to sleep, and had greater sleep disturbance than children in the low, stable loneliness group. These findings suggest that there may be long-term health effects of experiencing high loneliness in middle childhood, even when loneliness levels reduce to normal levels at pre-adolescence.     

The Coping Cat Program for Children with Anxiety and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate whether a modified version of the Coping Cat program could be effective in reducing anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Twenty-two children (ages 8–14; IQ ≥ 70) with ASD and clinically significant anxiety were randomly assigned to 16 sessions of the Coping Cat program (cognitive-behavioral therapy; CBT) or a 16-week waitlist. Children in the CBT condition evidenced significantly larger reductions in anxiety than those in the waitlist. Treatment gains were largely maintained at two-month follow-up. Results provide preliminary evidence that a modified version of the Coping Cat program may be a feasible and effective program for reducing clinically significant levels of anxiety in children with high-functioning ASD.     

Fatigue, Stress and Coping in Mothers of Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder

Raising a child with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be exhausting, which has the potential to impact on parental health and wellbeing. The current study investigated the influence of maternal fatigue and coping on the relationship between children’s problematic behaviours and maternal stress for 65 mothers of young children (aged 2–5 years) with ASDs. Results showed that maternal fatigue but not maladaptive coping mediated the relationship between problematic child behaviours and maternal stress. These findings suggest child behaviour difficulties may contribute to parental fatigue, which in turn may influence use of ineffective coping strategies and increased stress. The significance of fatigue on maternal wellbeing was highlighted as an important area for consideration in families of children with an ASD.     

Performance of individuals with left hemisphere stroke and aphasia and individuals with right brain damage on forward and backward digit span tasks

Background: Working memory (WM) limitations have been suggested as a significant source of the linguistic processing deficits observed in individuals with aphasia (IWA). Digits forward (DF) and digits backward (DB) span tasks are frequently used to study WM in both healthy and clinical populations. Unfortunately only a handful of studies have explored digit span in IWA.

Aims: The purpose of the current study is to measure the DF and DB spans of IWA and compare their digit spans to a group with right brain damage, but no aphasia (RBD). Additionally, DF and DB span is compared within each group to determine if there is indeed a performance differential that may support the idea that DB is a more difficult WM task in these populations.

Methods & Procedures: A total of 17 IWA and 14 individuals with RBD participated in a DF and DB span task. Modifications to the span tasks were implemented to accommodate language deficits. A series of two digits were orally presented to each participant continuing to a maximum of eight digits. There were seven trials per digit series. Participants were asked to point to the correct order of digits on a written one- to nine-digit list provided on individual note cards or to verbally repeat the numbers if the participant was able to do so.

Outcomes & Results: IWA demonstrated shorter digit spans than the RBD group. Both groups performed worse on the DB span tasks than the DF span tasks.

Conclusions: The results are consistent with previous studies suggesting that DB span is shorter than DF span in other populations and that there are differences in performance on digit span tasks between the two groups. The differences between RBD group and IWA may be explained by decreased attentional capacity or inefficient resource allocation in IWA, or alternatively, a deficient phonological loop. Future studies should explore these possibilities.     

The impact of directed vision in auditory extinction: Preliminary evidence in aphasia

Background: Researchers have discovered that individuals with aphasia demonstrate deficits in auditory attention (McNeil, Odell, & Tseng, 1991 McNeil, M. R., Odell, K. and Tseng, C. 1991. “Toward the integration of resource allocation into a general theory of aphasia.”. In Clinical aphasiology, Edited by: Presscott, T. Austin, TX: Pro‐Ed.  [Google Scholar]; Murray, 2000 Murray, L. L. 2000. The effects of varying attentional demands on the word retrieval skills of adults with aphasia, right hemisphere brain damage, or no brain damage.. Brain and Language, 72: 40–72. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), which arguably impedes rehabilitation progress. Additionally, recent research suggests that altering non‐brain‐damaged individuals' visual attention may work to increase auditory attention (Rorden & Driver, 1999 Rorden, C. and Driver, J. 1999. Does auditory attention shift in the direction of an upcoming saccade?. Neuropsychologia, 37(3): 357–377.  [Google Scholar]).

Aims: In the present study, tasks for assessing extinction (Double Simultaneous Stimulation) were used to determine if directing eye gaze would increase auditory extinction performance for individuals with aphasia. It was hypothesised that directing a patient's eye gaze (visual attention) to the extinguished (omitted) side during the task would “cue” the patient to the side omitted, thereby increasing performance on the auditory task.

Methods & Procedures: Five individuals with aphasia (M = 71.6 years) and five healthy controls (M = 77.8 years) completed three auditory tasks to test for extinction: two baseline (Letter₁ and Letter₂) and one experimental (Look). All three tasks required participants to identify and localise the letters presented; however, in the experimental task the participants were directed to look at the sound source (a speaker) on the side where the omission errors were occurring.

Outcomes & Results: While participants with aphasia made more omission errors (extinction) than the control group, performance was not altered by static directed visual attention to the side of omissions. Although preliminary, these data suggest that auditory extinction may not decrease in individuals with aphasia similar to findings by Robin and Rizzo (1989 Robin, D. A. and Rizzo, M. 1989. The effect of focal cerebral lesions on intramodal and cross‐modal orienting of attention.. Clinical Aphasiology, 18: 61–74.  [Google Scholar]).

Conclusions: These data provide preliminary results that, while auditory extinction may be evident in individuals with aphasia, simply directing their vision to a given location may not lead to increased performance. Further research in this area can lead to advancements in theoretical and functional assessment for individuals with aphasia who have auditory attention and require speech‐language pathology intervention.     

Examining attention and cognitive processing in participants with self-reported mild anomia

Background: People who report mild anomia following stroke often score near or within normal limits on traditional assessments of language. Based on evidence of cognitive influences on linguistic production in people with aphasia, this study examined non-linguistic, cognitive function and its potential influence on word retrieval in individuals with mild anomia.

Aims: This study explored the following research questions: Do people with mild anomia have impaired performance on tasks which require (a) automatic vs controlled processing and/or (b) selective attention relative to neurologically typical controls?

Methods & Procedures: A total of 14 participants with mild anomia and 9 neurologically typical controls were tested using Covert Orienting of Visuospatial Attention Test (COVAT), alone and with linguistic interference, at two interstimulus intervals (ISI) representing automatic and controlled processing.

Outcomes & Results: Participants with anomia showed significantly slower responses on COVAT alone at 100 ms ISI (automatic processing) compared with controls. The groups did not differ significantly during COVAT alone at 800 ms ISI (controlled processing). Additionally, similar priming patterns were exhibited by both groups on COVAT alone during both interstimulus intervals, indicating an intact validity effect. However, participants with anomia demonstrated significantly delayed response times during the COVAT with linguistic interference, regardless of ISI.

Conclusions: Overall, participants with mild anomia demonstrated impairments most notably when interfering stimuli were present, indicating deficits in automatic processing and selective attention. Study results support clinical evaluation of non-linguistic cognitive abilities in individuals reporting anomia who score near or within normal limits on language assessments.     

Blocking brain‐derived neurotrophic factor inhibits injury‐induced hyperexcitability of hippocampal CA3 neurons

Brain trauma can disrupt synaptic connections, and this in turn can prompt axons to sprout and form new connections. If these new axonal connections are aberrant, hyperexcitability can result. It has been shown that ablating tropomyosin‐related kinase B (TrkB), a receptor for brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), can reduce axonal sprouting after hippocampal injury. However, it is unknown whether inhibiting BDNF‐mediated axonal sprouting will reduce hyperexcitability. Given this, our purpose here was to determine whether pharmacologically blocking BDNF inhibits hyperexcitability after injury‐induced axonal sprouting in the hippocampus. To induce injury, we made Schaffer collateral lesions in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. As reported by others, we observed a 50% reduction in axonal sprouting in cultures treated with a BDNF blocker (TrkB‐Fc) 14 days after injury. Furthermore, lesioned cultures treated with TrkB‐Fc were less hyperexcitable than lesioned untreated cultures. Using electrophysiology, we observed a two‐fold decrease in the number of CA3 neurons that showed bursting responses after lesion with TrkB‐Fc treatment, whereas we found no change in intrinsic neuronal firing properties. Finally, evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potential recordings indicated an increase in network activity within area CA3 after lesion, which was prevented with chronic TrkB‐Fc treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrate that blocking BDNF attenuates injury‐induced hyperexcitability of hippocampal CA3 neurons. Axonal sprouting has been found in patients with post‐traumatic epilepsy. Therefore, our data suggest that blocking the BDNF–TrkB signaling cascade shortly after injury may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of post‐traumatic epilepsy.