Percutaneous Fetal Atrial Balloon Septoplasty for Simple Transposition of the Great Arteries With an Intact Atrial Septum

We report the first ultrasonographically guided percutaneous balloon atrial septoplasty (BAS), to our knowledge, in a fetus with transposition of the great arteries and an intact ventricular and atrial septum (37 + 2 weeks). After vaginal delivery at 38 weeks, the infant had an elective septostomy (day 1) and an arterial switch procedure (day 7), with an uneventful postoperative course. For centres with experience in fetal cardiac interventions, fetal BAS is a superior management option compared with the alternatives for this high-risk physiology.     

Riesgo cardiovascular en el lupus eritematoso sistémico: factores implicados y métodos para su valoración

Cardiovascular disease has become the leading cause of mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Accelerated atherosclerosis is considered one of the most important mechanisms implicated in the high cardiovascular (CV) mortality associated with SLE. Atherosclerosis in SLE patients arises from an interaction among classical CV risk factors, inflammatory mediators and factors specific to SLE itself. Consequently, calculating CV risk in these patients is central to decision-making on treatment to prevent CV disease. However, although Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) is recommended by The European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) experts and is widely used by rheumatologists for CV assessment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis, CV risk in SLE patients cannot be adequately evaluated with widely used charts for stratifying CV risk. Due to the lack of specific charts, assessment of traditional CV risk factors (smoking, blood pressure, diabetes, body mass index and lipid profile) and the use of validated imaging techniques to detect subclinical atherosclerosis have been proposed for the assessment of vascular disease in SLE patients. Among these techniques, calculating the intima-media thickness of the common carotid arteries measured in the far wall and the presence of plaques in the carotid system have become commonly used indicators of subclinical atherosclerosis. To a certain extent, the use of these methods allows individualized CV assessment and consequently a more useful management strategy, which can decrease CV mortality in SLE patients.     

Focal Headache During Balloon Inflation in the Vertebral and Basilar Arteries

SYNOPSIS
Background and Purpose: Headache may be seen in acute cerebrovascular disease. The significance of localized headache in association with vertebrobasilar disease has not been recognized.
Summary of Report: We describe a patient with a cerebellar arteriovenous malformation who underwent intravascular balloon occlusion of the vertebral and basilar artery. He developed reproducible patterns of referred pain with balloon inflation at specific sites.
Conclusions: Well localized head pain in the setting of acute stroke should alert physicians to the possibility of localized arterial injury. The pattern seen in this patient has been documented in experimental situations, and should be of use in the setting of acute stroke.     

Abnormal cardiac function in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. Changes in active and passive properties of the left ventricle.

To provide an integrated assessment of changes in systolic and diastolic function in diabetic rats, we measured conscious hemodynamics and performed ex vivo analysis of left ventricular passive-elastic properties. Rats given streptozotocin (STZ) 65 mg/kg i.v. (n = 14) were compared with untreated age-matched controls (n = 15) and rats treated with insulin after administration of STZ (n = 11). After 7 d, diabetic rats exhibited decreases in heart rate and peak developed left ventricular (LV) pressure during aortic occlusion. After 26 d of diabetes there were significant decreases in resting LV systolic pressure, developed pressure, and maximal +dP/dt, whereas LV end-diastolic pressure increased and the time constant of LV relaxation was prolonged. The passive LV pressure-volume relationship was progressively shifted away from the pressure axis, and the overall chamber stiffness constant was decreased. However, "operating chamber stiffness" calculated at end-diastolic pressure was increased at 7 d, and unchanged at 26 d. LV cavity/wall volume and end-diastolic volume were increased after 26 d of diabetes. Myocardial stiffness was unchanged at both time intervals. All of the above abnormalities were reversed by the administration of insulin. We conclude that the hemodynamic and passive-elastic changes that occur in diabetic rats represent an early dilated cardiomyopathy which is reversible with insulin.