Presence of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in the equine lung: some structuro-functional properties.

The pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) have been described in several species of animals. This study demonstrates for the first time that the equine lung has PIMs as resident phagocytes in its microvasculature. Their salient features such as globular surface coat, structures of the endocytic pathway, and related cell organelles closely resemble those of the calf, goat, and sheep. The exquisite organization of the coat globules in the form of a linear chain was structurally similar to the lipolytic lipase and the heparin-sensitive globular coat from PIMs of calf, goat, and sheep. Monastral blue (MB) when employed as a tracer to assess the phagocytic properties of equine PIMs induced similar modification of the globules of the coat into lipid droplets, reminiscent of neutral lipids. Lipids droplets (modified coat globules) were delivered into acid phosphatase-positive endosomes and lysosomes. Concurrently, the unaltered globules of the coat, probably internalized via fluid-phase constitutive pinocytoses, followed a different endocytic pathway. Large-scale platelet uptake by the PIMs was observed with thrombocytopenia in MB-treated ponies. The possible significance of hypothetical LDL-coat and the endocytic organelles as equivalents of synthetic apparatus of vasoactive lipids in the PIMs of horse needs to be assessed in future studies.     

Tibialis posterior dysfunction as a cause of flatfeet in elderly patients

Background: Tibialis posterior is a frequent cause of an acquired flatfoot deformity and the prevalence is not known. If tibialis posterior dysfunction was found to occur frequently, a greater awareness may result leading to earlier patient diagnosis, referral and treatment.Objectives: To validate a screening questionnaire for tibialis posterior dysfunction, and to investigate the prevalence of tibialis posterior dysfunction in a high-risk patient population.Methods: The screening questionnaire was given prospectively to 65 patients (44 females, 21 males; mean age 79.6 years) attending an unrelated care of the elderly appointment. A foot and ankle surgery fellow separately examined all feet for tibialis posterior dysfunction.Results: The survey was 100% sensitive and 98.3 % specific at detecting tibialis posterior dysfunction. Six of the 65 patients (5 females, 1 male) had tibialis posterior dysfunction, and two had bilateral involvement. All six of the patients had longstanding symptoms, all had consulted their doctor and three had seen an orthopaedic surgeon; only one of the six patients had been correctly diagnosed.Conclusions: This study suggests that tibialis posterior dysfunction occurs frequently, but is seldom diagnosed in elderly women. Further epidemiologic studies are needed to determine the true prevalence.     

Serum and peritoneal dialysate thyroid hormone levels in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Thyroid function tests were performed on 16 clinically euthyroid patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing regular haemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and compared with 8 healthy subjects. The patient groups were carefully matched, especially regarding relative duration of dialysis (mean of 24 months). Total serum thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine were significantly lower in both patient groups than control. The thyrothrophin response to the standard thyrotrophin-releasing hormone test was delayed and blunted. Using a novel concentration technique we measured loss of T4 in peritoneal dialysate effluent and found it to be approximately 10% of daily thyroidal T4 release.     

A case report and overview of organophosphate (OP) poisoning

A case of organophosphate (OP) poisoning who recovered after requiring almost 1000 mg of atropine, 10 gm of PAM and ventilatory support for 7 days is presented here. The overview of organophosphate poisoning and its management is given. With the approach adopted, the mortality reported in the general medicine unit in the central hospital in Nepal is 7.4%. The two important aspects of the management are vigilance of the atropine drip, especially at night, and other physical and psychological support care of the patients.     

Effect of air pollution on peak expiratory flow rate variability.

Exposure to air pollution affects pulmonary functions adversely. Effect of exposure to pollution on diurnal variation of peak flow was assessed in healthy students. Three hundred healthy age-matched nonsmoker students were studied. They were categorized into two groups on the basis of their residence: commuters and living on campus. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) recordings were made twice daily for 2 days with the Pink City Flow Meter. The measurement was then used to calculate for each subject the amplitude percentage mean, which is an index for expressing PEF variability for epidemiological purposes (Higgins BG, Britton JR, Chinns Jones TD, Jenkinson D, Burnery PG, Tattersfield AE. Distribution of peak expiratory flow variability in a population sample. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140:1368-1372). Air pollution parameters were quantified by measurement of sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) in the ambient air at the campus and on the roadside. The mean values of PEF variability (amplitude percent mean) in the students living on campus and in the commuters were 5.7 +/- 3.2 and 11 +/- 3.6, respectively (P < .05). Among the commuters, maximum number of subjects showed amplitude percentage mean PEFR at the higher end of variability distribution, as compared to the students living on campus, among whom the majority of subjects fell in the lower ranges of variability distribution. The ambient air quality parameters, namely SO2, NO2, CO, and RSPM were significantly lower on the campus. It can be concluded that long-term periodic exposure to air pollution can lead to increased PEF variability even in healthy subjects. Measurement of PEF variability may prove to be a simple test to measure effect of air pollution in healthy subjects.