Beeinflussung von Druck und Stromvolumen in der Pfortader durch die Atmung und durch experimentelle Eingriffe

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ciliary Muscle Dimension Changes With Accommodation Vary in Myopia and Emmetropia

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine whether accommodation-induced changes in ciliary muscle dimensions vary between emmetropes and myopes, and the effect of the image analysis method.MethodsSeventy adults aged 18 to 27 years consisted of 25 people with emmetropia (spherical equivalent refraction [SER] +0.21 ± 0.36 diopters [D]) and 45 people with myopia (−2.84 ± 1.72 D). There were 23 people with low myopia (>−3 D) and 22 people with moderate myopia (−3 to −6 D). Right eye ciliary muscles were imaged (Visante OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec) at 0 D and 6 D demands. Measures included ciliary muscle length (CML), ciliary muscle curved length (CMLarc), maximum ciliary muscle thickness (CMTmax), CMT1, CMT2, and CMT3 (fixed distances 1–3 mm from the scleral spur), CM25, CM50, and CM75 (proportional distances 25%–75%). Linear mixed model analysis determined effects of refractive groups, race, and demand on dimensions. Significance was set at P < 0.05.ResultsMyopic eyes had greater CML and CMLarc nasally than emmetropic eyes. Myopic eyes had thicker muscles than emmetropic eyes at nasal positions, except CM25 and CMT3, and at CM75 temporally. During accommodation and only nasally, CML reduced in emmetropic and myopic eyes, and CMLarc reduced in myopic eyes only. During accommodation, both nasally and temporally, muscles thickened anteriorly (CMT1 and CM25) and thinned posteriorly (CMT3 and CM75) except for temporal CM75. Moderate myopic eyes had greater temporal CMLarc than low myopic eyes, and the moderate myopes had thicker muscles both nasally and temporally using fixed and proportional distances.ConclusionsPeople with myopia had longer and thicker ciliary muscles than people with emmetropia. During accommodation, the anterior muscle thickened and the curved nasal muscle length shortened, more in myopic than in emmetropic eyes. The fixed distance method is recommended for repeat measures in the same individual. The proportional distance method is recommended for comparisons between refractive groups.     

Fulminant Adenoviral-Induced Hepatitis in Immunosuppressed Patients

Human adenovirus (HAdV) can often lead to fulminant hepatitis in immunocompromised patients, mostly after reactivation of HAdV. Different risk factors, e.g., transplantation and chemotherapy, increase the risk of developing a HAdV hepatitis. We retrospectively analyzed three patients who showed the characteristics of a HAdV hepatitis observed in disseminated disease. In addition to PCR, diagnosis could be proven by pathology, CT scan, and markedly elevated transaminases. All patients had a hemato-oncologic underlying disease. Two had received a stem-cell transplant, and one was under chemotherapy including rituximab. Despite therapy with cidofovir, all patients died. As the incidence of HAdV hepatitis is low, diagnosis may be easily overlooked. No treatment approaches have yet been established. HAdV hepatitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis, especially when risk factors are present. To avoid dissemination, treatment should be initiated as soon as possible.     

Morphologically different biopsy specimens of the human gastric mucosa. II. Adenylate cyclase activity in response to prostaglandin E2 and histamine

Adenylate cyclase (AC) in response to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and histamine was studied in morphologically different biopsy specimens from human gastric mucosa. The activities of the enzyme were log-normally distributed and did not differ between males and females. PGE2 activated AC in a concentration-dependent manner in normal gastric mucosa (n = 57), chronic superficial gastritis (GI, 18), chronic gastritis with beginning atrophy (GII, 10), chronic atrophic gastritis (GIII, 24), gastric ulcer (GU, 39), duodenal ulcer (DU, 32), and biopsies of patients operated according to Billroth II (BII, 20) and was most efficacious in GIII and BII. Histamine, which was studied in normal gastric mucosa (n = 27), DU (n = 20), GU (n = 13), and BII (n = 18), stimulated AC most efficaciously and potently in DU, was less effective in normal gastric mucosa and GU, and had no effect at all in BII. Cimetidine treatment of DU patients did not change the PGE2 action, while the degree of stimulation by histamine was reduced. The data indicate characteristic differences of the PGE2- and histamine-sensitive AC in the mucosal samples of these patients.