Estimation of salt intake by urinary sodium excretion in a Portuguese adult population and its relationship to arterial stiffness.

BACKGROUND: Portugal has one of the highest mortality rates from stroke, a high prevalence of hypertension and probably a high salt intake level. AIM: To evaluate Portuguese salt intake levels and their relationship to blood pressure and arterial stiffness in a sample of four different adult populations living in northern Portugal. METHODS: A cross-sectional study evaluating 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium (24 h UNa+), potassium and creatinine, blood pressure (BP), and pulse wave velocity (PWV) as an index of aortic stiffness in adult populations of sustained hypertensives (HT), relatives of patients with previous stroke (Fam), university students (US) and factory workers (FW), in the context of their usual dietary habits. RESULTS: We evaluated a total of 426 subjects, mean age 50 +/- 22 years, 56% female, BMI 27.9+/-5.1, BP 159/92 mmHg, PWV 10.4+/-2.2 m/s, who showed mean 24h UNa+ of 202 +/- 64 mmol/d, corresponding to a daily salt intake of 12.3 g (ranging from 5.2 to 24.8). The four groups were: HT: n = 245, 49 +/- 18 years, 92% of those selected, 69% treated, BP 163/94 mmHg, PWV 11.9 m/s, 24 h UNa+ 212 mmol/d, i.e. 12.4 g/d of salt); Fam: n = 38, 64 +/- 20 years, 57 % of those selected, BP 144/88 mmHg, PWV 10.5 m/s, 24 h UNa+ 194 mmol/d, i.e. 11.1 g/d of salt; US: n = 82, 22 +/- 3 years, 57% of those selected, BP 124/77 mmHg, PWV 8.7 m/s, 24h UNa+ 199 mmol/d, i.e. 11.3 g/d of salt; FW: n = 61, 39 9 years, 47% of those selected, BP 129/79 mmHg, PWV 9.5 m/s, 24 h UNa+ 221 mmol/d, i.e. 12.9 g/d of salt. The ratio of urinary sodium/potassium excretion (1.9 (0.4) was significantly higher in HT than the other three groups. In the 426 subjects, 24h UNa+ correlated significantly (p < 0.01) with systolic BP (r = 0.209) and with PWV (r=0.256) after adjustment for age and BP. Multivariate analysis showed that BP, age and 24h UNa+ correlated independently with PWV taken as a dependent variable. CONCLUSIONS: Four different Portuguese populations showed similarly high mean daily salt intake levels, almost double those recommended by the WHO. Overall, high urinary sodium excretion correlated consistently with high BP levels and appeared to be an independent determining factor of arterial stiffness. These findings suggest that Portugal in general has a high salt intake diet, and urgent measures are required to restrict salt consumption in order to prevent and treat hypertensive disease and to reduce overall cardiovascular risk and events.     

Acute resynchronization with inhaled iloprost in a pregnant woman with idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension.

We describe the case of a pregnant woman with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, a responder in right heart catheterization, followed since the first trimester in outpatient consultations, admitted to hospital at 23 weeks gestation. She was treated with inhaled iloprost until delivery (at 34 weeks gestation) and continuous infusion of iloprost throughout the perioperative period and following days. This line of therapy has proved efficacious in previous cases. The authors present echocardiographic images that document acute changes in ventricular synchrony during inhalation of iloprost.     

The effects of literacy and education on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of semantic verbal fluency.

Semantic verbal fluency tasks are commonly used in neuropsychological assessment. Investigations of the influence of level of literacy have not yielded consistent results in the literature. This prompted us to investigate the ecological relevance of task specifics, in particular, the choice of semantic criteria used. Two groups of literate and illiterate subjects were compared on two verbal fluency tasks using different semantic criteria. The performance on a food criterion (supermarket fluency task), considered more ecologically relevant for the two literacy groups, and an animal criterion (animal fluency task) were compared. The data were analysed using both quantitative and qualitative measures. The quantitative analysis indicated that the two literacy groups performed equally well on the supermarket fluency task. In contrast, results differed significantly during the animal fluency task. The qualitative analyses indicated differences between groups related to the strategies used, especially with respect to the animal fluency task. The overall results suggest that there is not a substantial difference between literate and illiterate subjects related to the fundamental workings of semantic memory. However, there is indication that the content of semantic memory reflects differences in shared cultural background--in other words, formal education--, as indicated by the significant interaction between level of literacy and semantic criterion.     

Quantitative analysis of basal dendrites of prefrontal pyramidal cells after chronic alcohol consumption and withdrawal in the adult rat

The effects of chronic alcohol consumption and withdrawal on the organization of the basal dendrites of layer III pyramidal cells of the prelimbic cortex were studied in groups of rats fed on alcohol for 6 or 18 months, and in a group fed for 12 months, then switched to water for a further 6 months (withdrawal group). Three-dimensional analysis of the dendritic arborizations showed an age-dependent increase in several dendritic parameters, but a net stability was found in the metrical parameters between alcohol-fed and respective control rats. Conversely, a dendritic impoverishment occurred in the withdrawal group. The linear density of dendritic spines remained stable in all groups studied. Together with the previously found marked loss of the neurons after alcohol consumption and withdrawal, these findings point to a decrease in the available targets for afferents and therefore to the presence of probable functional alterations as a consequence of those in the connectivity patterns of the prelimbic area occurring under these conditions.     

Hereditary protein C deficiency and portal-vein thrombosis

Inherited defects of the natural coagulation inhibitors predispose patients to thrombosis. These disorders have similar clinical presentations with a strong family history of thrombosis, episodes of recurrent venous thromboembolism, beginning in early adulthood. We report a case of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient with portal hypertension due to portal-vein thrombosis secondary to hereditary protein C deficiency, an association that has seldom been reported.     

Choledochoenterostomy with an anti-reflux mechanism

A new technique of choledochoenterostomy was devised to solve some of the problems of enterobiliary anastomosis with a normal calibre. The distal extremity of the common bile duct is completely surrounded by the bowel mucosa to a length of 3 cm after seromyectomy of a bowel wall rectangle of 4 × 1 cm. Experimental studies in rats and dogs demonstrated that this procedure prevents the risks of anastomotic disruption and functions like a mechanical unidirectional valve, which has great efficacy in stopping enterobiliary reflux. Studies in ten patients with obstructive jaundice with an extrahepatic biliary dilation less than 1.2 cm diameter submitted to this procedure Confirmed the experimental results. All patients were asymptomatic, without jaundice and with normalization of the liver enzymes after 2 months. The permeability of the valvular anastomosis studied by cholangiography, the HIDA ^99mTc test and manometry was quite similar to other classical biliary-enteric anastomosis. In contrast, anti-reflux efficacy was only demonstrated in patients with a valvular anastomosis.     

Differential effects of monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon on induction of hepatic nitric oxide synthase in experimental gram-negative sepsis.

To investigate the stimuli required for the induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in sepsis, we have analyzed the levels of this enzyme in the livers of mice infected with a 90% lethal dose of Escherichia coli in a model of gram-negative sepsis. Hepatic NOS levels are markedly induced in this model, with peak values occurring 12 to 22 h following infection. Treatment with TN3-19.12, a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), resulted in complete protection from death in this model of sepsis but had no significant effect on the level of induction of hepatic NOS. Treatment with H22, a monoclonal antibody to gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), also gave significant protection against death and, in addition, did lead to a decrease in the level of induction of the hepatic NOS. Treatment of mice with pure TNF-alpha (0.2 microgram), IFN-gamma (2,000 U), or a combination of the two did not induce the hepatic NOS, but treatment with the combination led to significant mortality (probability of survival at 22 h, 0.32). Thus, the level of induction of NOS within the liver either in sepsis or by the coadministration of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma does not correlate with death.     

Modulation of trenimon-induced cytotoxicity by DT-diaphorase in isolated rat hepatocytes under aerobic versus hypoxic conditions.

Trenimon belongs to a class of aziridinylbenzoquinone anticancer drugs that cross the blood-brain barrier. In this study we have investigated the molecular mechanisms for trenimon-induced toxicity in aerobic versus hypoxic conditions with the use of freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. The following evidence suggests the mechanisms for trenimon detoxification involves reduction by DT-diaphorase, while the cytotoxic mechanism involves macromolecular alkylation under hypoxic conditions as well as oxidative stress under aerobic conditions. (a) Hepatocyte cytotoxicity induced by trenimon (250 microM) under aerobic conditions ensued following an initial induction of cyanide-resistant respiration and partial oxidation of glutathione to oxidized glutathione. Trenimon reduction to the hydroquinone by the hepatocytes was rapid. Inhibition of hepatocyte DT-diaphorase by dicumarol increased trenimon-induced cytotoxicity by approximately 10-fold, and markedly inhibited hydroquinone formation. Furthermore, both cyanide-resistant respiration and oxidized glutathione formation were markedly increased, resulting in depletion of oxygen in the media. Trenimon reduction to the hydroquinone then occurred. This suggests that DT-diaphorase in normal hepatocytes prevents the formation of the semiquinone that causes cytotoxic protein alkylation and oxidative stress. (b) Hepatocyte cytotoxicity induced by trenimon (350 microM) under hypoxic conditions ensued following glutathione depletion without oxidized glutathione formation. Inactivation of hepatocyte DT-diaphorase by dicumarol under hypoxic conditions increased trenimon-induced cytotoxicity by approximately 3.5-fold and increased semiquinone radical levels 2-fold without affecting its reduction rate. This suggests that the cytotoxic mechanism involves protein alkylation by semiquinone radicals formed by reductases catalyzing a one-electron reduction of trenimon.