Starch Block Electrophoresis of Plasma and Serum Clotting Factors. Separation of Activated PTC (PTC')

1. Plasma clotting factors separate into two groups on starch block electrophoresis. The contact activation factors—Hageman factor, PTA, and activatedPTA—remain around the origin, whereas the vitamin K-dependent factors—prothrombin, proconvertin, Stuart factor, and PTC—migrate between the-globulins and albumin. AHG, proaccelerin, and thrombin are not recovered.

2. The electrophoretic pattern of serum differs from that of plasma mainly inthe absence of prothrombin and in the presence of activated PTC (PTC’).

3. The electrophoretic mobility of PTC’ is found to differ from that ofnative PTC. This difference may be exploited to separate PTC’ from its nativeform and from Stuart factor.

Submitted on May 12, 1964 Accepted on July 26, 1964     

Genetic and Biological Aspects of the HL-A System of Human Histocompatibility

The HL-A system of leukocyte group antigens is a system of great complexity and polymorphism, governed by an autosomal region which includesa number of subunits or subloci. It constitutes the principal system of histo-compatibility in man.

Extensive population and family studies have resulted in the identificationof two HL-A subloci. The first sublocus determines antigens HL-A 1, 2, 3, 9,Da 15 and Da 17 as alternative alleles. Antigens HL-A 5, 7, 8, Da 4, Da 6, HN,and probably Da 9 and Da 18 are determined in similar fashion at a secondsublocus. The products of 20 per cent of the genes of the first sublocus, and of29 per cent of the genes of the second sublocus are still unknown.

Study of 113 families has documented 226 human HL-A genotypes and 452haplotypes. The observed gene and haplotype frequencies were in close agreement with the anticipated values calculated on the basis of Mendelian laws.This result supports the concept that the HL-A system is in equilibrium.

Although the HL-A system plays a major role as a determinant of humanallograft responses, its primordial function may be of relevance to other fundamental biological problems, with particular reference to host defenses againstmicroorganisms, viruses and neoplastic cells.

     

抗抑郁药联合治疗之前应考虑各种单药优化治疗方案(英文)

许多慢性抑郁症患者或反复发作的抑郁症患者对现有的各种抗抑郁药物治疗反应不理想。医生在治疗这些患者时,可能在原来抗抑郁药物的基础上增加其他药物,包括用第二种或第三种抗抑郁药物辅助治疗。虽然在高收入国家这是精神科医生和初级保健医生广泛使用的方法,但是证明这种抗抑郁药联合治疗方法有效的证据不多。只有当不同种类的抗抑郁药物的单药优化治疗方案无效后,才可谨慎使用联合治疗的方法。     

Consumption of Serum Factors and Prothrombin During Intravascular Clotting in Rabbits

We have studied the effect of experimental intravascular clotting upon Factors II, VII, IX, and X in rabbits. Animals were given sodium warfarin intravenously to block the synthesis of these factors and, 4 hours later, were infused with either dilute tissue thromboplastin or saline. The tissue thromboplastin induced intravascular clotting extensive enough to halve fibrinogen and platelet levels and to reduce markedly Factor V and Factor VIII levels. These changes resulted from a consumption during clotting of about 10 per cent of the available prothrombin. Each of the serum factors fell further during the infusion of tissue thromboplastin than during the infusion of saline; apparently, serum factors activated during clotting do not circulate in the rabbit. Net losses due to intravascular clotting equalled about 15 to 30 per cent of the Factors VII, IX, and X initially present. These data suggest that consumption during intravascular clotting may account for the low levels of Factors VII, IX, and X described in patients with diffuse intravascular clotting complicating septicaemia. The evidence of consumption of Factor IX raises the possibility that tissue thromboplastin may activate intrinsic clotting during hemostasis in vivo.