The Frequency and Context of Snacking among Children: An Objective Analysis Using Wearable Cameras

Snacking is a common eating behaviour, but there is little objective data about children’s snacking. We aimed to determine the frequency and context of children’s snacking (n = 158; mean age = 12.6 years) by ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic deprivation and body mass index (BMI) children. Participants wore wearable cameras that passively captured images of their surroundings every seven seconds. Images (n = 739,162) were coded for snacking episodes, defined as eating occasions in between main meals. Contextual factors analysed included: snacking location, food source, timing, social contact and screen use. Rates of total, discretionary (not recommended for consumption) and healthful (recommended for consumption) snacking were calculated using negative binomial regression. On average, children consumed 8.2 (95%CI 7.4, 9.1) snacks per day, of which 5.2 (95%CI 4.6, 5.9) were discretionary foods/beverages. Children consumed more discretionary snacks than healthful snacks in each setting and at all times, including 15.0× more discretionary snacks in public spaces and 2.4× more discretionary snacks in schools. Most snacks (68.9%) were sourced from home. Girls consumed more total, discretionary and healthful snacks than boys, and Māori and Pacific consumed fewer healthful snacks than New Zealand (NZ) Europeans. Results show that children snack frequently, and that most snacking involves discretionary food items. Our findings suggest targeting home buying behaviour and environmental changes to support healthy snacking choices.     

Association of Nutrition Education and Its Interaction with Lifestyle Factors on Kidney Function Parameters and Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Taiwan

We evaluated the interactive effects of nutrition education (NE) and lifestyle factors on kidney function parameters and cardiovascular risk factors among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This cross-sectional cohort study recruited 2176 CKD stages 3–5 patients aged > 20 years from Integrated Chronic Kidney Disease Care Network, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan between December 2008 and April 2019. The multivariable regression analysis was performed to investigate the interactive effects of NE with lifestyle factors on kidney function parameters and cardiovascular risk factors. Relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) and attributable proportion (AP) were applied to assess additive interaction. Patients who were smoking or physically inactive but received NE had better estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (β: 3.83, 95% CI: 1.17–6.49 or β: 3.67, 95% CI: 2.04–5.29) compared to those without NE. Patients with smoking and NE significantly reduced risks for having high glycated hemoglobin A_1c (HbA_1c) by 47%, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 38%, and high corrected calcium (C-Ca) by 50% compared to those without NE. Moreover, NE and smoking or inactive physical activity exhibited an excess risk of high C-Ca (RERI: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.09–0.85 for smoking or RERI: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.01–0.90 and AP: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.03–0.99 for physical activity). Our study suggests that CKD patients who were enrolled in the NE program had better kidney function. Thus, NE could be associated with slowing kidney function decline and improving cardiovascular risk factors.     

"健康中国"战略下临床医学专业本科生职业医学教育的实践与探索

临床医学专业学生是职业病的诊断、治疗、康复和预防的未来主干力量,因而在"健康中国"战略下采用多元化教学方式培养学生解决问题的能力,提高临床医学生学习职业医学的积极性,推进职业医学专业人才队伍建设,对维护全体劳动者身体健康、促进经济社会协同发展具有重要意义。     

Nose-to-brain delivery of temozolomide-loaded PLGA nanoparticles functionalized with anti-EPHA3 for glioblastoma targeting

Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor. Efficient delivery of drugs targeting glioblastomas remains a challenge. Ephrin type-A receptor 3 (EPHA3) tyrosine kinase antibody-modified polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were developed to target glioblastoma via nose-to-brain delivery. Anti-EPHA3-modified, TBE-loaded NPs were prepared using an emulsion-solvent evaporation method, showed a sustained in vitro release profile up to 48 h and a mean particle size of 145.9 ± 8.7 nm. The cellular uptake of anti-EPHA3-modified NPs by C6 cells was significantly enhanced compared to that of nontargeting NPs (p < .01). In vivo imaging and distribution studies on the glioma-bearing rats showed that anti-EPHA3-modified NPs exhibited high fluorescence intensity in the brain and effectively accumulated to glioma tissues, indicating the targeting effect of anti-EPHA3. Glioma-bearing rats treated with anti-EPHA3-modified NPs resulted in significantly higher tumor cell apoptosis (p < .01) than that observed with other formulations and prolonged the median survival time of glioma-bearing rats to 26 days, which was 1.37-fold longer than that of PLGA NPs. The above results indicated that anti-EPHA3-modified NPs may potentially serve as a nose-to-brain drug carrier for the treatment of glioblastoma.     

A-40926混合物中B0组分的分离纯化

目的 开发一种高纯度A-40926混合物中B0组分(以下简称A-40926 B0)的分离纯化工艺。方法 采用中压色谱系统,以聚合物微球为载体,A-40926 B0的收率为指标,筛选聚合物微球的类型,优化洗脱条件。结果 型号为UniPS30-300的微球为最佳层析介质,上样量为10mg(每毫升填料),洗脱剂依次为体积分数30%,45%的乙醇溶液,流速为1.5BV/h(BV：层析柱体积);所得产品纯度大于95%,层析总收率大于75%。结论 此种高纯度A-40926 B0的分离纯化方法简单易行,收率稳定,适于工业化生产。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白基因在龟裂链霉菌中的表达及其对土霉素合成的影响

目的 考察透明颤菌血红蛋白基因(vgb)在大肠埃希菌(E. coli)和龟裂链霉菌(S. rimosus)中的表达,研究在不同溶氧条件下表达的透明颤菌血红蛋白(VHb)对龟裂链霉菌生长和土霉素合成的影响。方法 将vgb插入表达型质粒pET-28a中,导入E. coli BL21(DE3)用以表达VHb并测定其活性。以整合型质粒pSET152为载体,利用ermE*启动子组成型表达vgb基因,将构建的质粒通过接合转移整合到S. rimosus M4018基因组上,利用CO差示光谱法和SDS-PAGE鉴定两个重组菌中的血红蛋白。在5L罐上考察不同溶氧条件下VHb的表达对重组龟裂链霉菌生长和土霉素合成的影响。结果 重组大肠埃希菌和重组龟裂链霉菌都能够表达具有生物活性的VHb,发酵结果表明,在117h时与对照菌相比,重组龟裂链霉菌在高氧和低氧条件下的干重分别提高了6%和32%,同时单位干重土霉素的产量分别提高了41%和93%。结论 VHb在重组龟裂链霉菌中成功表达,改善了菌体的生长和土霉素的合成,为解决工业发酵过程中氧限制问题提供了策略。     

儿童炎症性肠病微量营养素缺乏研究进展及治疗建议

炎症性肠病（IBD）是一种免疫相关的慢性肠道疾病,儿童患者占比约1/4。由于该症累及肠道,可影响营养元素的吸收,引起营养元素的缺乏。IBD患儿多见营养元素缺乏,由此可能影响IBD的发展及预后。故本文旨在总结与IBD并发症、疾病发展或结局有明确相关性的微量营养素,如并发症贫血（铁、叶酸、维生素B12）、骨病（钙、维生素D）、腹泻（锌和镁）。根据IBD患儿微量营养素缺乏治疗相关的最新文献,综合研究结果提供精准的药物治疗建议,推进儿童炎症性肠病的营养治疗。     

美伐他汀母液回收的研究

目的 研究美伐他汀母液回收工艺条件。方法 通过水解开环转水相，再通过D317树脂柱，然后用不同浓度的乙醇溶液非连续性洗脱树脂柱，洗脱液经萃取后浓缩，再缩合闭环结晶。结果 以HPLC检测方法测定其含量为78N，美伐他汀母液平均回收率为66.5％。结论 根据美伐他汀的化学性质设计的开环转水，然后树脂吸附回收工艺，具有过程简洁、收率较高、成本较低的特点。     

5-氟-2,3-二氢苯并呋喃的合成

对氟苯酚经溴化制得的邻溴对氟苯酚,与1,2-二氯乙烷反应制得2-(2-溴-4-氟苯氧基)氯乙烷,再经格氏反应制得5-氟-2,3-二氢苯并呋喃,总收率79%.     

儿科医联体中基层医疗机构的儿童药品短缺问题分析与改进措施

目的:本调研旨在分析基层医疗卫生机构儿童药品短缺的现状和原因,并提出具有针对性的改进措施与建议.方法:通过收集2020年1～12月南京医科大学附属儿童医院所在的儿科医联体内各基层医疗卫生机构逐月上报的药品短缺信息,梳理短缺药品特点,分析用药短缺发生的影响因素.结果:基层医疗卫生机构儿童短缺药品分布在各个治疗领域,其中上...