Vitamin D supplementation for treatment and prevention of pneumonia in under-five children: <Emphasis Type="Italic">A randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial</Emphasis>

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of single oral mega-dose of Vitamin D3 for treatment and prevention of pneumonia in underfive children.

Design

Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Setting

Tertiary-care hospital.

Participants

324 children (of 980 assessed) between 6 mo-5 y age (median (IQR): 12 (7,19.8) mo) with WHO-defined severe pneumonia. Of these, 126 (39%) were vitamin D deficient (serum 25(OH)D <12 ng/mL).

Intervention

100,000 IU of oral cholecalciferol (n= 162) or placebo (n= 162) in single dose, administered at enrolment.

Outcome variables

Primary: Time to resolution of severe pneumonia and proportion of children having recurrence of pneumonia in next 6 months; Secondary: Change in serum levels of 25(OH)D; immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, IgM, and cathelicidin 2 weeks following supplementation; and time taken for overall resolution of illness.

Results

Median (95% CI) time for resolution of severe pneumonia was 30 (29, 31) h in the vitamin D group as compared to 31 (29,33) h in the placebo group [adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI): 1·39 (1·11, 1·76); P=0·005]. The risk of recurrence of pneumonia in next 6 months was comparable in the two groups [placebo: 36/158 (22·8%); vitamin D: 39/156 (25%); RR (95% CI): 1·13 (0·67,1·90); P=0·69]. Proportion of vitamin D deficient children declined from 38% to 4% in the supplementation group, and from 41% to 33% in the placebo group, two weeks after supplementation. There was no significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum levels of cathelicidin, IgA and IgG. The time taken for complete recovery from pneumonia, duration of hospitalization, and fever clearance time were comparable for the two groups. No adverse event was noted related to the intervention.

Conclusion

There is no robust evidence of a definite biological benefit, either for therapy or prevention, to suggest a routine megadose supplement of vitamin D3 for under-five children with severe pneumonia.

     

Management of Graft Duodenal Leak in Simultaneous Pancreas Kidney Transplant—a Case Report from India and Review of Literature

Pancreatic transplantation is currently the only effective cure for Type 1 diabetes mellitus. It allows long-term glycemic control without exogenous insulin and amelioration of secondary diabetic complications. In India, pancreas transplant has not yet established with only a single successful transplant reported so far in the literature. We report a 24-year-old Type 1 diabetic patient with renal failure who underwent a simultaneous pancreas kidney transplant. On postoperative day 15, he had leak from the graft duodenal stump for which a tube duodenostomy and proximal diversion enterostomy was done. He had a high output pancreatic fistula following the procedure which was managed conservatively. The tube duodenostomy was removed at three and half months and enterostomy closure with restoration of bowel continuity was done at 6 months. After a follow up of 7 months, patient is doing well with a serum creatinine of 0.8 mg/dl and normal blood sugars, not requiring any exogenous insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs. Managing patients with graft duodenal complications after pancreas transplant is challenging. Tube duodenostomy is a safe option in management of duodenal leak, although can lead to a persistent pancreatic fistula. A proximal diversion enterostomy allows early oral feeding and avoids the cost as well as the long term complications associated with parenteral nutrition.     

Serum Trimethylamine-N-Oxide is Elevated in CKD and Correlates with Coronary Atherosclerosis Burden

Trimethlyamine-N-oxide (TMAO) was recently identified as a promoter of atherosclerosis. Patients with CKD exhibit accelerated development of atherosclerosis; however, no studies have explored the relationship between TMAO and atherosclerosis formation in this group. This study measured serum concentrations and urinary excretion of TMAO in a CKD cohort (n=104), identified the effect of renal transplant on serum TMAO concentration in a subset of these patients (n=6), and explored the cross-sectional relationship between serum TMAO and coronary atherosclerosis burden in a separate CKD cohort (n=220) undergoing coronary angiography. Additional exploratory analyses examined the relationship between baseline serum TMAO and long-term survival after coronary angiography. Serum TMAO concentrations demonstrated a strong inverse association with eGFR (r²=0.31, P<0.001). TMAO concentrations were markedly higher in patients receiving dialysis (median [interquartile range], 94.4 μM [54.8–133.0 μM] for dialysis-dependent patients versus 3.3 μM [3.1–6.0 μM] for healthy controls; P<0.001); whereas renal transplantation resulted in substantial reductions in TMAO concentrations (median [min–max] 71.2 μM [29.2–189.7 μM] pretransplant versus 11.4 μM [8.9–20.2 μM] post-transplant; P=0.03). TMAO concentration was an independent predictor for coronary atherosclerosis burden (P=0.02) and predicted long-term mortality independent of traditional cardiac risk factors (hazard ratio, 1.26 per 10 μM increment in TMAO concentration; 95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 1.40; P<0.001). In conclusion, serum TMAO concentrations substantially increase with decrements in kidney function, and this effect is reversed by renal transplantation. Increased TMAO concentrations correlate with coronary atherosclerosis burden and may associate with long-term mortality in patients with CKD undergoing coronary angiography.