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61.
EG Gkougkousis M Khan TR Terry JK Mellon 《Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England》2009,91(6):532-534
Three cases of recurrent post-coital haematuria are described. Extensive protracted investigations pinpointed urethral varicosities as the likely cause. All patients were successfully treated with diathermy fulguration. 相似文献
62.
Background
The use of restrictive measures such as quarantine draws into sharp relief the dynamic interplay between the individual rights of the citizen on the one hand and the collective rights of the community on the other. Concerns regarding infectious disease outbreaks (SARS, pandemic influenza) have intensified the need to understand public perceptions of quarantine and other social distancing measures. 相似文献63.
64.
Early exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of postnatal HIV-1 transmission and increases HIV-free survival 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Iliff PJ Piwoz EG Tavengwa NV Zunguza CD Marinda ET Nathoo KJ Moulton LH Ward BJ Humphrey JH;ZVITAMBO study group 《AIDS (London, England)》2005,19(7):699-708
OBJECTIVES: The promotion of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) to reduce the postnatal transmission (PNT) of HIV is based on limited data. In the context of a trial of postpartum vitamin A supplementation, we provided education and counseling about infant feeding and HIV, prospectively collected information on infant feeding practices, and measured associated infant infections and deaths. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 14 110 mother-newborn pairs were enrolled, randomly assigned to vitamin A treatment group after delivery, and followed for 2 years. At baseline, 6 weeks and 3 months, mothers were asked whether they were still breastfeeding, and whether any of 22 liquids or foods had been given to the infant. Breastfed infants were classified as exclusive, predominant, or mixed breastfed. RESULTS: A total of 4495 mothers tested HIV positive at baseline; 2060 of their babies were alive, polymerase chain reaction negative at 6 weeks, and provided complete feeding information. All infants initiated breastfeeding. Overall PNT (defined by a positive HIV test after the 6-week negative test) was 12.1%, 68.2% of which occurred after 6 months. Compared with EBF, early mixed breastfeeding was associated with a 4.03 (95% CI 0.98, 16.61), 3.79 (95% CI 1.40-10.29), and 2.60 (95% CI 1.21-5.55) greater risk of PNT at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively. Predominant breastfeeding was associated with a 2.63 (95% CI 0.59-11.67), 2.69 (95% CI 0.95-7.63) and 1.61 (95% CI 0.72-3.64) trend towards greater PNT risk at 6, 12, and 18 months, compared with EBF. CONCLUSION: EBF may substantially reduce breastfeeding-associated HIV transmission. 相似文献
65.
66.
The question of payment to egg donors has recently focused the attention of
both the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) and licensed
clinics. An acute shortage of egg donors and the rising costs of assisted
conception treatment are matters of grave concern to many patients. To
understand the emotional and social effects of egg sharing and egg
donation, we conducted a survey of attitudes in a group of women who had
some knowledge or experience of egg donation. A total of 750 questionnaires
were sent out of which 217 were returned within the specified time limit.
From these, 107 respondents had experience of egg donation and 110 had made
enquiries about donation. The data from these questionnaires were collated
and tabulated by the National Opinion Polls (NOP) Research Group. An
analysis of the data produced the following key findings: (i) donating or
sharing eggs is a social issue, 94% discuss it with
partners/family/friends; (ii) altruistic motives are not the prerogative of
non-patient volunteers-egg share donors felt that helping the childless was
as important as having a chance of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) for
themselves; (iii) the treatment procedure causes the most anxiety for egg
donors. The recipients were most concerned about delays, donor
characteristics and how the eggs were allocated; (iv) most respondents
(65%) with prior experience of egg sharing would do it again - 63% of egg
share donors, 72% of egg share recipients; (v) cash rewards to egg donors
and outright advertising for donors were rejected by 64 and 62% of the
sample respectively; and (vi) counselling was highly valued and there were
no instances of 'shattered lives' after treatment. The findings do not
support the recently announced intentions of the HFEA to disallow payment
to gamete donors on the grounds of devalued consent. There is no precedent
in modern medicine for egg sharing. The patients surveyed drew a clear
distinction between egg sharing and financial rewards. As long as egg
donation is not covered by the National Health Service, it is fairer to
offer egg sharing than to refuse treatment to those unable to pay.
相似文献
67.
68.
Background
Health research is increasingly being conducted on a global scale, particularly in the developing world to address leading causes of morbidity and mortality. While research interest has increased, building scientific capacity in the developing world has not kept pace. This often leads to the export of human tissue (defined broadly) from the developing to the developed world for analysis. These practices raise a number of important ethical issues that require attention. 相似文献69.
Pregnancy following intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment with dead husband's spermatozoa: ethical and policy considerations 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Ahuja KK; Mamiso J; Emmerson G; Bowen-Simpkins P; Seaton A; Simons EG 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》1997,12(6):1360-1363
This paper describes the first pregnancy in a childless widow after
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment with her deceased
husband's spermatozoa which had been stored for nearly 3 years before use.
Before his death the husband had received treatment for testicular cancer
and he had given the appropriate written consent for the future use of his
spermatozoa. Of the 10 eggs injected, six resulted in normal embryos. Three
embryos were transferred and the remaining three embryos are currently
stored for possible future use. The treatment resulted in a continuing
singleton pregnancy. The case demonstrated the suitability of ICSI in those
difficult cases where the sperm quality is extremely poor. This success is
also compared with a widely debated case of another widow who was refused
permission to use her deceased husband's spermatozoa. It is concluded that
in the case of posthumous use of frozen spermatozoa, the current laws are
conveniently applicable in a chronic illness but not so in an acute illness
leading to death. In the light of the wide public debate on the issues
raised by this legal case, the UK Government has also decided to conduct a
review of consent procedures involving the storage and use of genetic
material.
相似文献
70.
Cuendet GS; Loten EG; Cameron DP; Renold AE; Marliss EB 《The American journal of physiology》1975,228(1):276-283