How Do Dieticians on Instagram Teach? The Potential of the Kirkpatrick Model in the Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Nutritional Education in Social Media

The growing popularity of health education on social media indicates the need for its appropriate evaluation. This paper aims to present the potential of the Kirkpatrick Model (KM) with New World Kirkpatrick Model (NWKM) additions to evaluate the nutritional education provided by dieticians via Instagram. Instagram profiles of ten dieticians providing nutritional education for their followers were analyzed in March and April 2021. The study sample included profiles of both macro- and micro-influencers. The analyzed quantitative data included Instagram Engagement Rate and the number of likes and comments per post. The qualitative analysis of the comments was performed following the theoretical framework provided by the KM and NWKM. Collected data showed followers’ satisfaction, commitment, and relevance of the presented content, fulfilling the Level 1 of NWKM. Level 2 of NWKM was represented by 4 out of 5 dimensions (knowledge, attitude, confidence, commitment). No comments were found only for skills. Both Levels 3 (Behavior) and 4 (Results) of the KM were met. However, the use of the NWKM for them seems limited. The KM can be used to evaluate nutritional education on social media. The NWKM additions seem applicable mostly for Levels 1 and 2.     

The Association between Nutritional Status and In-Hospital Mortality among Patients with Heart Failure—A Result of the Retrospective Nutritional Status Heart Study 2 (NSHS2)

Background: A nutritional status is related to the prognosis and length of hospitalisation of patients with heart failure (HF). This study aims to assess the effect of nutritional status on in-hospital mortality in patients with heart failure. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study and analysis of medical records of 1056 patients admitted to the cardiology department of the University Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw (Poland). Results: A total of 1056 individuals were included in the analysis. A total of 5.5% of patients died during an in-hospital stay. It was found that in the sample group, 25% of patients who died had a BMI (body mass index) within the normal range, 6% were underweight, 47% were overweight, and 22% were obese. Our results show that non-survivors have a significantly higher nutrition risk screening (NRS) ≥3 (21% vs. 3%; p < 0.001); NYHA (New York Heart Association) grade 4 (70% vs. 24%; p < 0.001). The risk of death was lower in obese patients (HR = 0.51; p = 0.028) and those with LDL (low-density lipoprotein) levels from 116 to <190 mg/dL (HR = 0.10; p = 0.009, compared to those with LDL <55 mg/dL). The risk of death was higher in those with NRS (nutritional risk score) score ≥3 (HR = 2.31; p = 0.014), HFmrEF fraction (HR = 4.69; p < 0.001), and LDL levels > 190 mg/dL (HR = 3.20; p = 0.038). Conclusion: The malnutrition status correlates with an increased risk of death during hospitalisation. Higher TC (total cholesterol) level were related to a lower risk of death, which may indicate the “lipid paradox”. Higher BMI results were related to a lower risk of death, which may indicate the “obesity paradox”.     

Associations of Lifestyle Factors with Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Polish Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Reduced physical activity (PA), smoking, and coffee and alcohol drinking constitute risk factors of osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the study was to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) and frequency of osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with IBD and their correlation with PA, smoking, coffee, and alcohol. The study group consisted of 208 patients with IBD-103 with Crohn’s disease (CD), 105 suffering from ulcerative colitis (UC). Densitometric measurements were performed using the DXA. All patients completed a questionnaire concerning PA, smoking, and coffee and alcohol consumption. The prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis (L2–L4) in the IBD group was 48.1%; in the CD group, it amounted to 48.6%, and in the UC group, the prevalence was equal to 33.3%. Patients with CD who were diagnosed with osteopenia and osteoporosis demonstrated reduced PA compared to patients with a normal BMD who exercised regularly (p = 0.0335). A similar observation was made in the group of women with IBD. Women with a normal BMD exercised significantly more often than women suffering from osteopenia and osteoporosis (p = 0.0146). However, no differences in BMD were observed with regard to coffee use, alcohol consumption, or smoking. Thus, since the incidence of osteoporosis in IBD patients is high, it may be dependent on PA.     

豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞凋亡时听力变化的实验观察

目的观察耳蜗外毛细胞发生凋亡时听力改变情况.方法对20只豚鼠药物造模,诱发耳蜗外毛细胞发凋亡.应用TUNEL技术观察凋亡表达,测试ABR阈值观察听力变化.结果应用丁胺卡那霉素1天即可诱发豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞发生凋亡,连续应用3d,耳蜗外毛细胞凋亡呈强阳性表达,但ABR阈值无明显改变;随着用药时间延长,凋亡细胞数目增加,甚至出现部分毛细胞缺失现黎,此时ABR阈值明显升高.结论耳蜗外毛细胞发生凋亡早期对豚鼠听力无明显影响,随着耳毒性药物应用时间延长,豚鼠ABR阈值升高可能存在两种原因毛细胞凋亡或毛细胞坏死.     

How to perform high ultrasound examination of skin involvement among patients with systemic sclerosis – proposition of a unified protocol

IntroductionA fast and cheap method of skin assessment in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an area of extensive research. Established in 1979, the Rodnan skin score is a palpation-based method used among clinicians. This method has some limitations, such as: examiner’s skills, subjective results, and no standardization. In the last few years researchers have been exploring ultrasound-based techniques as a possible tool for skin assessment among patients with SSc. The aim of the study is to develop a protocol of elastography-based skin imaging evaluation among patients with SSc.Material and methodsReview of the literature and own experience.ResultsProposition of elastography-based skin imaging protocol among patients with SSc.ConclusionsThe authors present a potential protocol of ultrasound-based examination of skin involvement among patients with SSc.     

Radiologic and Demographic Characteristics of Patients With Plantar Calcaneal Spur

Many people with heel pain in the general population are often diagnosed with plantar calcaneal spurs (PCS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiological and demographic characteristics of PCS patients and to compare the differences with the control group. In 2018, 420 patients with weightbearing lateral ankle X-ray images were included in the study. The patients were divided into 2 groups as PCS group and control group. Groups were compared age and age group (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70 and over) weight, height, body mass index (<25, 25-30, >30), chronic diseases as demographically and were also compared radiologically as calcaneal inclination angle (CIA), lateral talocalcaneal angle (LTCA), Bohler angle and Gissane angle. A statistically significant relationship was found between gender and PCS. Plantar calcaneal spur is more common in females than in males (X²:8.101, p < .03). PCS was less common in patients with BMI <25 and 25-29.9, whereas PCS is more common in patients with BMI >30 (X²:7.698, p < .021). Although the CIA angle was within normal limits in both groups, it was significantly lower in patients with PCS than in the control group(p < .05). There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of age, chronic disease, LTCA, Bohler angle, Gissane angle. Female gender and obesity are among the risk factors for PCS formation. CIA may have an important role in PCS formation. In order to clarify the etiology and pathophysiology of PCS, further studies with radiological features are needed.     

金昌队列人群非酒精性脂肪肝发病的影响因素分析

目的了解金昌队列人群非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)发病的影响因素,为NAFLD的预防和控制提供科学依据。方法以金昌队列基线未患脂肪肝且符合纳入标准的20051人为研究对象,通过前瞻性队列研究及Cox回归分析探讨NAFLD发病影响因素,并用限制性立方样条法研究相关生化指标与NAFLD发病风险的剂量反应关系。结果NAFLD发病密度为42.37/1000人年,多因素Cox回归分析显示,职业为工人与技术人员(工人:HR=0.84,95%CI:0.70~0.99;技术人员:HR=0.73,95%CI:0.56~0.95)、饮茶(正在饮:HR=0.86,95%CI:0.78~0.94;过去饮:HR=0.52,95%CI:0.31~0.86)、体育锻炼(偶尔:HR=0.79,95%CI:0.68~0.91;经常:HR=0.60,95%CI:0.52~0.69)、体重较轻(HR=0.10,95%CI:0.05~0.22)、奶类及奶制品摄入>300 ml/d(HR=0.78,95%CI:0.71~0.87)、HBV感染(HR=0.77,95%CI:0.60~0.99)是NAFLD的保护因素;职业为内勤服务人员(HR=1.84,95%CI:1.46~2.31)、家庭人均月收入≥2000元(2000~元:HR=1.32,95%CI:1.04~1.66;≥5000元:HR=1.72,95%CI:1.11~2.66)、文化程度为本科及以上(HR=1.35,95%CI:1.03~1.76)、超重(HR=2.31,95%CI:2.08~2.55)、肥胖(HR=3.95,95%CI:3.42~4.56)、空腹血糖受损(HR=1.31,95%CI:1.17~1.47)、糖尿病(HR=1.53,95%CI:1.30~1.80)、TC升高(HR=1.37,95%CI:1.24~1.52)、TG升高(HR=1.79,95%CI:1.62~1.98)、HDL-C降低(HR=1.29,95%CI:1.14~1.45)、ALT升高(HR=1.13,95%CI:1.01~1.26)和高脂饮食(HR=1.24,95%CI:1.11~1.40)是NAFLD的危险因素,TC、TG、HDL-C、ALT、FPG与NAFLD发病呈良好的剂量反应关系。结论职业、文化程度、家庭人均月收入、饮茶、体育锻炼、BMI、FPG、血脂、ALT、HBV、饮食与NAFLD发病有关。     

Testing a new health indicator: Using avoidable causes of death and life expectancy for Spain between 1975–1986

The concept of avoidable cause of death serves as the basis for measuring the quality and diversity of a health care system. In this study the authors propose a new way to use this kind of mortality by combining with the concept of life expectancy to obtain what they call life expectancy free of avoidable mortality (LEFAM).This indicator was 76.9 in 1986 in Spain while life expectancy was 75.83. If these deaths were avoidable there would be a gain of 1.09 years per person born. There is an important difference between the would-be male gain of 1.76 years and the would-be female gain of 0.6. In the ecological study, LEFAM would better explain the year to year changes of the resources in the health sector, measured in terms of the human resources (R = 0.96), the hospital beds per thousand persons (R = –0.86), and would also increase the relation with other health indicators such as infant mortality rate (R = –0.98) and mortality rate (R = 0.59) as compared with life expectancy alone.