A method for the follow-up of clusters of adverse reproductive outcomes

Clusters of adverse reproductive outcomes are reported with increasing frequency to public health authorities. Most are random events and only a very small proportion is likely due to identifiable environmental agents. Often, a preliminary study confirms the existence of a spatial and temporal excess but no biologically plausible cause is found. These cases require a follow-up of incidence to identify any continuing excess. A conceptually simple fixed window technique of follow up is proposed. The power of the test is mainly influenced by the magnitude of the increase in rate, the number of adverse outcomes selected for observation and the acceptable false alarm rate. This technique has several advantages compared with other currently used methods. From a public health point of view, two important factors are to be considered in setting the parameters of the test: the delay in providing an answer for the community and the availability of resources for conducting environmental investigations.     

Investigation of clusters of adverse reproductive outcomes, an overview

Clusters of adverse reproductive outcomes are reported with increasing frequency to public health services, but it is likely that only a minority of clusters are caused by a common environmental teratogen or mutagen. Many guidelines and protocols have been developed for the investigation and the management of chronic disease clusters and can be applied to the study of adverse reproductive outcomes. Cluster investigation normally follows four successive phases: (i) the generation of one or more etiologic hypotheses, (ii) the confirmation of the hypotheses, (iii) an intervention aimed at reducing any dangerous exposure, and (iv) the evaluation of the effect of the intervention. However, each situation is unique and there is no standard recipe for conducting the epidemiologic investigation at each successive phase, for choosing the appropriate statistical technique and for communicating with interested parties. In order to minimize both the risk of pursuing a worthless investigation and the risk of ignoring a real excess of cases caused by an adverse environmental factor, it is imperative to rely on a team of specialists with expertise in epidemiology, statistics, toxicology, embryology, and communication.     

Communicating genetic risk information

It is envisaged that genetic information will be used, together with other types of information, to assess individuals' risks of developing a variety of common conditions. Such risk assessments will involve providing probabilistic information partly based upon results of genetic tests in order to facilitate behaviour change without causing excessive anxiety. The behaviours targeted for change are likely to include adherence to prescribed medication, alteration to diet, increasing levels of exercise and quitting smoking. This paper reviews research already conducted on perceptions of risk and genes, methods of facilitating behaviour change and reducing anxiety following various types of risk assessment. Although risk assessment and interventions to reduce risks have been conducted for over 20 years, very little rigorous research exists. For the investments in the new genetics to be realised, research is now needed both in how individuals respond to risk information that involves the use of genetic information and in how to facilitate and maintain behaviour change to reduce such risks.     

Oxolinic acid and diazepam: Their reciprocal antagonism in rodents

The stimulant effects of oxolinic acid were investigated in rats and mice. This drug, given orally, consistantly induced, in doses ranging from 16 to 256 mg·kg^-1, locomotor stimulation and stereotyped behavior.These effects were antagonized by pimozide (1 mg·kg^-1), -methyltyrosine (64 mg·kg^-1) or reserpine (4 mg·kg^-1, 24 h before testing) pretreatment, suggesting a facilitatory role of oxolinic acid on catecholaminergic processes.Diazepam (4–16 mg·kg^-1) reduced the stimulant effects induced by oxolinic acid but not those induced by amphetamine; oxolinic acid (8 mg·kg^-1) markedly reduced the antipunishment effect elicited in rats by diazepam (2 mg·kg^-1). Since benzodiazepines have been reported to enhance GABA functioning, these data suggest that oxolinic acid may impair GABA transmission. However, neither muscimol (0.5–1 mg·kg^-1) or -acetylenic-GABA (16–64 mg·kg^-1) selectively reduced the stimulant effects elicited by oxolinic acid. Therefore, the possible facilitation exerted by this drug on catecholaminergic systems may not derive from the release of an inhibitory GABAergic control.     

The effect of arachidonic acid on the M current of NG108-15 neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells

The M current, I _M, a voltage-dependent non-inactivating K⁺ current, was recorded in NG108-15 neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells, using the whole-cell mode of the patch-clamp technique. We studied the effect of arachidonic acid, other fatty acids and inhibitors of the arachidonic acid metabolism. In relatively high concentrations (25–50 M) arachidonic acid first increased and later decreased the current, I _h, which holds the membrane potential at –30 mV and mainly flows through open M channels. It shifted the midpoint potential, V _o, of the relation between M conductance, g _M, and membrane potential, V, to more negative values and decreased the maximum conductance ¯g _M and the time constant _M. In smaller concentrations (5–10 M) arachidonic acid merely decreased I _h and ¯g _M with little effect on V _o and _M. Eicosatetraynoic acid and docosa-hexaenoic acid acted similarly to arachidonic acid whereas stearic acid had no effect. Of the three enzyme inhibitors studied, nordihydroguaiaretic acid acted similarly to arachidonic acid. i. e. caused a biphasic change in I _h. Indomethacin and quinacrine caused, respectively, a pure increase and a pure decrease of I _h and ¯g _M. Possible explanations are build-up of internally produced arachidonic acid, depletion of eicosanoid products or an inhibitory effect unrelated to arachidonic acid metabolism.     

Synergistic Regulation of Cytosolic Ca2+ Concentration by Adenosine and alpha1-Adrenergic Agonists in Mouse Striatal Astrocytes

Adenosine has a broad array of actions on neurons but astrocytes also possess adenosine receptors. We have previously shown that adenosine, by acting on astrocytes in the striatum, can modulate neuronal responses mediated by receptors coupled to phospholipase C through an astrocyto - neuronal interaction. In addition, adenosine was found to potentiate the alpha1-adrenergic production of inositol phosphates in astrocytes. The mechanism involved in this potentiation was further investigated by examining the effects of adenosine and alpha1-adrenergic receptor agonists on cytosolic Ca2+ in cultured striatal astrocytes from the embryonic mouse in primary culture. When used alone, methoxamine, a selective agonist of alpha-adrenergic receptors or 2-chloroadenosine, a stable analogue of adenosine, induced a transitory increase in cytosolic Ca2+, but their combined addition led to a sustained increase in cytosolic Ca2+, which seems to be due to a Ca2+ influx, because it was not observed in the absence of external Ca2+. Voltage independent Ca2+ channels contribute to this process and different blockers of voltage-operated calcium channels, such as dihydropyridines, phenylalkylamines, La3+ or Co2+ were ineffective in suppressing the sustained cytosolic Ca2+ elevation. Three observations suggest the implication of arachidonic acid in the observed potentiation: (i) arachidonic acid induced a sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ similar to that evoked by the coapplication of methoxamine and 2-chloroadenosine; (ii) the addition of arachidonic acid during the calcic plateau produced by the combined application of the agonists did not increase further cytosolic Ca2+ levels; (iii) in the presence of methoxamine, 2-chloroadenosine induced a release of arachidonic acid. The stimulation of phospholipase C and the resulting activation of protein kinase C induced by methoxamine seem to be required for the potentiating effect of 2-chloroadenosine on cytosolic Ca2+. In fact, the direct activation of protein kinase C by an exogenous diacylglycerol analogue mimicked the effect of methoxamine because, in this condition, 2-chloroadenosine alone evoked a sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+. Therefore, methoxamine, through the successive activation of phospholipase C and protein kinase C, could allow a lipase, probably phospholipase A2, to be stimulated by 2-chloroadenosine. Arachidonic acid has already been shown to trigger the opening of K+ channels and the formation of inositol phosphates in other cell types. Therefore, in striatal astrocytes, 2-chloroadenosine, through an arachidonic acid-mediated hyperpolarization, could increase the Ca2+ driving force and thus improve Ca2+ influx through inositol phosphate-gated channels. This hypothesis is further supported by the suppressing effect of a 50 mM KCI-induced depolarization on the long lasting elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ seen in the combined presence of 2-chloroadenosine and methoxamine.     

Induction of partial protection in mice after oral administration of Lactococcus lactis producing Brucella abortus L7/L12 antigen.

The Brucella abortus ribosomal protein L7/L12 is an immunodominant antigen and an interesting candidate for the development of oral live vaccines against brucellosis. Here, a recombinant Lactococcus lactis strain producing L7/L12 under the control of nisin inducible promoter was orally administered to BALB/c mice. Significant levels of anti-L7/L12 specific IgA detected in feces revealed an induced local humoral immune response. However, serum analysis did not reveal any anti-L7/L12 antibodies suggesting the absence of a systemic response. Nevertheless, the vaccinated mice showed a partial protective immunity against B. abortus virulent strain (S2308) challenged by intraperitoneal inoculation.     

Combined treatment with arsenic trioxide and all-trans-retinoic acid in patients with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia.

PURPOSE: Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is capable of inducing a high hematologic response rate in patients with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Preclinical observations have indicated that all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) may strongly enhance the response to ATO. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1998 and 2001, we conducted a randomized study of ATO alone versus ATO plus ATRA in 20 patients with relapsed APL, all previously treated with ATRA-containing chemotherapy. The primary objective was to demonstrate a significant reduction in the time necessary to obtain a complete remission (CR) in the ATO/ATRA group compared with the ATO group. Secondary objectives were safety and molecular response. RESULTS: The CR rate after one ATO with or without ATRA induction cycle was 80%. Clinical and pharmacokinetic observations indicated that the main mechanism of action of ATO in vivo was the induction of APL cell differentiation. Hematologic and molecular response, time necessary to reach CR, and outcome were comparable in both treatment groups. Of 16 CR patients, three patients who reached a molecular remission after one induction cycle had all received chemotherapy for a treatment-induced hyperleukocytosis. Three additional patients who received further additional ATO with or without ATRA cycles converted later to molecular negativity. CONCLUSION: ATRA did not seem to significantly improve the response to ATO in patients relapsing from APL. Other potential combinations, including ATO plus chemotherapy, have to be tested.     

Family history of autoimmune thyroid disease and childhood acute leukemia.

The association between a familial history of autoimmune disease and childhood acute leukemia was investigated in a French case-control study that, overall, was designed to assess the role of perinatal, infectious, environmental, and genetic factors in the etiology of childhood acute leukemia. Familial histories of autoimmune disease in first- and second-degree relatives were compared in 279 incident cases, 240 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and 39 cases of acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL), and 285 controls. Recruitment was frequency matched by age, gender, hospital, and ethnic origin. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated using an unconditional regression model taking into account the stratification variables, socioeconomic status, and familial structure. A statistically significant association between a history of autoimmune disease in first- or second-degree relatives and ALL (OR, 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-2.8) was found. A relationship between thyroid diseases overall and ALL (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0-3.9) was observed. This association was more pronounced for potentially autoimmune thyroid diseases (Grave's disease and/or hyperthyroidism and Hashimoto's disease and/or hypothyroidism) (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.1-10.7 and OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.0-31.1, respectively for ALL and ANLL), whereas it was not statistically significant for the other thyroid diseases (thyroid goiter, thyroid nodule, and unspecified thyroid disorders) (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 0.7-3.5 and OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.2-7.0, respectively, for ALL and ANLL). The results suggest that a familial history of autoimmune thyroid disease may be associated with childhood acute leukemia.     

CT-based delineation of lymph node levels and related CTVs in the node-negative neck: DAHANCA, EORTC, GORTEC, NCIC,RTOG consensus guidelines.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The appropriate application of 3-D CRT and IMRT for HNSCC requires a standardization of the procedures for the delineation of the target volumes. Over the past few years, two proposals--the so-called Brussels guidelines from Grégoire et al., and the so-called Rotterdam guidelines from Nowak et al.--emerged from the literature for the delineation of the neck node levels. Detailed examination of these proposals however revealed some important discrepancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Within this framework, the Brussels and Rotterdam groups decided to review their guidelines and derive a common set of recommendations for delineation of neck node levels. This proposal was then discussed with representatives of major cooperative groups in Europe (DAHANCA, EORTC, GORTEC) and in North America (NCIC, RTOG), which, after some additional refinements, have endorsed them. The objective of the present article is to present the consensus guidelines for the delineation of the node levels in the node-negative neck. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: First a short discussion of the discrepancies between the previous Brussels and the Rotterdam guidelines is presented. The general philosophy of the consensus guidelines and the methodology used to resolve the various discrepancies are then described. The consensus proposal is then presented and representative CTVs that are consistent with these guidelines are illustrated on CT sections. Last, the limitations of the consensus guidelines are discussed and some concerns about the direct applications of these guidelines to the node-positive neck and the post-operative neck are described.