全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8411篇 |
免费 | 567篇 |
国内免费 | 52篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 43篇 |
儿科学 | 224篇 |
妇产科学 | 254篇 |
基础医学 | 1390篇 |
口腔科学 | 182篇 |
临床医学 | 902篇 |
内科学 | 1670篇 |
皮肤病学 | 182篇 |
神经病学 | 840篇 |
特种医学 | 291篇 |
外国民族医学 | 7篇 |
外科学 | 741篇 |
综合类 | 42篇 |
一般理论 | 2篇 |
预防医学 | 708篇 |
眼科学 | 87篇 |
药学 | 660篇 |
中国医学 | 19篇 |
肿瘤学 | 786篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 11篇 |
2023年 | 64篇 |
2022年 | 113篇 |
2021年 | 217篇 |
2020年 | 155篇 |
2019年 | 204篇 |
2018年 | 212篇 |
2017年 | 175篇 |
2016年 | 238篇 |
2015年 | 244篇 |
2014年 | 350篇 |
2013年 | 418篇 |
2012年 | 677篇 |
2011年 | 803篇 |
2010年 | 420篇 |
2009年 | 378篇 |
2008年 | 607篇 |
2007年 | 650篇 |
2006年 | 606篇 |
2005年 | 579篇 |
2004年 | 495篇 |
2003年 | 403篇 |
2002年 | 392篇 |
2001年 | 53篇 |
2000年 | 45篇 |
1999年 | 64篇 |
1998年 | 77篇 |
1997年 | 79篇 |
1996年 | 62篇 |
1995年 | 43篇 |
1994年 | 43篇 |
1993年 | 31篇 |
1992年 | 29篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 7篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1983年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1970年 | 4篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有9030条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone restores bone volume, microarchitecture, and strength in aged ovariectomized rats. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
T Kuber Sampath Petra Simic Rebecca Sendak Natasa Draca Ann E Bowe Stephen O'Brien Susan C Schiavi John M McPherson Slobodan Vukicevic 《Journal of bone and mineral research》2007,22(6):849-859
We show the systemic administration of low levels of TSH increases bone volume and improves bone microarchitecture and strength in aged OVX rats. TSH's actions are mediated by its inhibitory effects on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption coupled with stimulatory effects on osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, suggesting TSH directly affects bone remodeling in vivo. INTRODUCTION: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor haploinsufficient mice with normal circulating thyroid hormone levels have reduced bone mass, suggesting that TSH directly affects bone remodeling. We examined whether systemic TSH administration restored bone volume in aged ovariectomized (OVX) rats and influenced osteoclast formation and osteoblast differentiation in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were OVX at 6 months, and TSH therapy was started immediately after surgery (prevention mode; n = 80) or 7 mo later (restoration mode; n = 152). Hind limbs and lumbar spine BMD was measured at 2- or 4-wk intervals in vivo and ex vivo on termination at 8-16 wk. Long bones were subjected to microCT, histomorphometric, and biomechanical analyses. The direct effect of TSH was examined in osteoclast and osteoblast progenitor cultures and established rat osteosarcoma-derived osteoblastic cells. Data were analyzed by ANOVA Dunnett test. RESULTS: In the prevention mode, low doses (0.1 and 0.3 microg) of native rat TSH prevented the progressive bone loss, and importantly, did not increase serum triiodothyroxine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels in aged OVX rats. In restoration mode, animals receiving 0.1 and 0.3 microg TSH had increased BMD (10-11%), trabecular bone volume (100-130%), trabecular number (25-40%), trabecular thickness (45-60%), cortical thickness (5-16%), mineral apposition and bone formation rate (200-300%), and enhanced mechanical strength of the femur (51-60%) compared with control OVX rats. In vitro studies suggest that TSH's action is mediated by its inhibitory effects on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation, as shown in hematopoietic stem cells cultivated from TSH-treated OVX rats. TSH also stimulates osteoblast differentiation, as shown by effects on alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin expression, and mineralization rate. CONCLUSIONS: These results show for the first time that systemically administered TSH prevents bone loss and restores bone mass in aged OVX rats through both antiresorptive and anabolic effects on bone remodeling. 相似文献
12.
Prof. Dr. Petra Gastmeier Prof. Dr. M. M. Hoeper Prof. Dr. M. Stoll Prof. Dr. H. A. Adams 《Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin》2007,44(5):270-278
Patients with imported highly contagious diseases like viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), pneumonic plague or anthrax require special preventive measures and strict isolation. In addition, new emerging infections like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and epidemic influenza also have to be taken into account. At present five high security infectious disease units for patient care are available in Germany. Due to the relatively nonspecific symptoms, a patient with one of these infections may also be admitted to any other hospital. Therefore each hospital should develop a concept for the management and control of these lifethreatening highly contagious diseases. The present article describes the current emergency plan developed for the management of patients with highly contagious diseases at Hannover Medical School. 相似文献
13.
Maarten E Tushuizen Mathijs C Bunck Petra J Pouwels Jan Hein T van Waesberghe Michaela Diamant Robert J Heine 《Liver international》2006,26(8):1015-1017
BACKGROUND: Fat accumulation in the liver or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is regarded as a key pathogenic factor and component of the metabolic syndrome. It was reported that administration of the incretin mimetic exenatide reversed hepatic steatosis in an obese mouse model. We had the opportunity to study the effect of additional exenatide administration on liver fat content in a patient with type 2 diabetes. CASE REPORT: A 59-year-old male with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes was treated with exenatide in addition to metformin monotherapy. Following 44 weeks of exenatide therapy, mean the liver fat measured by liver spectroscopy declined from 15.8% to 4.3%. This dramatic decrease in liver fat was accompanied by significant beneficial changes in several cardiovascular disease risk factors and improvement of all liver enzymes, in particular alanine aminotransferase, the most important marker of liver steatosis. CONCLUSION: This case report suggests that the incretin mimetic exenatide decreases hepatic fat accumulation and may play a role in the future treatment of NAFLD, and the associated insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in an ever-growing high-risk population. 相似文献
14.
Roselind Lieb Petra Zimmermann Robert H Friis Michael H?fler Sven Tholen Hans Ulrich Wittchen 《European psychiatry》2002,17(6):321-331
OBJECTIVE: Although somatoform disorders are assumed to be chronic clinical conditions, epidemiological knowledge on their natural course based on representative samples is not available. METHOD: Data come from a prospective epidemiologic study of adolescents and young adults in Munich, Germany. Respondents' diagnoses (N = 2548) at baseline and follow-up on average 42 months later are considered. The follow-up incidence, stability as well as selected baseline risk factors (sociodemographics, psychopathology, trauma exposure) for the incidence and stability of somatoform disorders and syndromes are prospectively examined. Diagnostic information was assessed by using the standardized Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI). RESULTS: Over the follow-up period, incidence rate for any of the covered somatoform diagnoses was 25.7%. Stability for the overall group of any somatoform disorder/syndrome was 48%. Female gender, lower social class, the experience of any substance use, anxiety and affective disorder as well as the experience of traumatic sexual and physical threat events predicted new onsets of somatoform conditions, while stability was predicted by being female, prior existing substance use, affective and eating disorders as well as the experience of a serious accident. CONCLUSIONS: At least for a substantial proportion of individuals, the overall picture of somatization seems to be relatively stable, but with fluctuation in the symptom picture over time. Being female, the experience of substance use as well as anxiety disorder seem to constitute risk factors for the onset of new somatoform conditions as well as for a stable course over time. 相似文献
15.
T. Diemer D. Buchanan Hales T. Diemer M. Ludwig Petra Huwe W. Weidner 《Reproduktionsmedizin》2000,16(2):155-167
Urogenital infections are established as hazards to male fertility. Various pathophysiological hypotheses have evolved from experimental and clinical studies, facilitating explanation of the effects of bacteria and immunological events on reproductive tissues. Numerous current studies have identified and evaluated infectious mediators accounting for specific molecular events in urogenital infections. Valuable studies can be expected to appear in the future due to improvements in diagnostic procedures and new classifications of urogenital infections. 相似文献
16.
Petra Thurmüller Maria Troulis Mary Jane O'Neill Leonard B Kaban 《Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery》2002,60(9):1038-1044
PURPOSE: A standardized, noninvasive technique to assess healing of the mandibular distraction wound is not available. Current methods include clinical examination, plain radiography, and computed tomography. These imaging techniques are expensive and obligate the patient to serial radiation exposure. In addition, anatomic overlap and metal artifacts may obscure the distraction gap. In contrast, ultrasound has been shown to be a noninvasive, efficient, and inexpensive way to evaluate bone healing. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of ultrasound to evaluate an experimental mandibular distraction osteogenesis wound. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Distraction devices were placed via a submandibular incision into 24 minipigs. The protocol consisted of 0-day latency and distraction rates of 1, 2, or 4 mm/d for a 12-mm gap. The wounds were assessed in vivo after 0, 8, 16, and 24 days of neutral fixation. Ex vivo radiographs were used to estimate bone fill using a semiquantitative score. A semiquantitative ultrasound score was assigned, and the beam penetration depth was measured in millimeters. RESULTS: In all groups, clinical stability of the distraction wound increased with the duration of fixation. Plain radiographs, taken during neutral fixation, showed that the desired distraction gap was achieved and maintained. The ultrasound score increased with fixation time, whereas beam penetration depth decreased as expected. Ex vivo radiographs showed increasing bone fill score with time and paralleled the ultrasound score. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this feasibility study indicate that ultrasound is potentially useful for the assessment of bone formation in distraction osteogenesis wounds. 相似文献
17.
18.
Petra J. Jeffery Samuel Sostre L R. Scherer Wayne Kasecamp Edwaldo E. Camargo 《European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging》1990,17(6-8):365-368
We report a case of massive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage where the tracer injected intra-thecally for radionuclide cisternography was later visualized in the bowel as well as the nasopharynx. We discuss the potential implications of this finding in patients with CSF leaks. A brief review of the diagnosis of CSF leaks is included. 相似文献
19.
Ralf-Peter Vonberg Sabine Stamm-Balderjahn Sonja Hansen Irina Zuschneid Henning Ruden Michael Behnke Petra Gastmeier 《Infection control and hospital epidemiology》2006,27(10):1123-1127
A systematic search was performed to identify outbreaks of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection and colonization caused by healthcare workers (HCWs). Of 191 outbreaks identified, 11 had strong epidemiological evidence that HCWs were the source. In 3 of these outbreaks, asymptomatic carriers were the cause. The frequent practice of screening asymptomatic HCWs should be reconsidered. 相似文献
20.