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991.
We describe the case of a 65-year old man who presented with a first episode of mania lacking a history of previous affective illness. Clinical, neuropsychological and NMR-findings pointed to a subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Morbus Binswanger) as an underlying organic condition. According Kleman's concept of "secondary mania" this case illustrates the necessity a thorough search for organic conditions in late manifesting affective illness which may also involve therapeutic considerations. 相似文献
992.
The initiating event of atherogenesis is thought to be an injury to the vessel wall resulting in endothelial dysfunction. This is followed by key features of atherosclerotic plaque formation such as inflammatory responses, cell proliferation and remodeling of the vasculature, finally leading to vascular lesion formation, plaque rupture, thrombosis and tissue infarction. A causative relationship exists between these events and oxidative stress in the vessel wall. Besides leukocytes, vascular cells are a potent source of oxygen-derived free radicals. Oxidants exert mitogenic effects that are partially mediated through generation of growth factors. Mitogens, on the other hand, are potent stimulators of oxidant generation, indicating a putative self-perpetuating mechanism of atherogenesis. Oxidants influence the balance of the coagulation system towards platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. Therapeutic approaches by means of antioxidants are promising in both experimental and clinical designs. However, additional clinical trials are necessary to assess the role of antioxidants in cardiovascular disease. 相似文献
993.
New therapeutic strategies to avoid intra- and extraperitoneal metastases during laparoscopy: results of a tumor model in the rat 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
BACKGROUND: Therapeutic strategies to prevent port site recurrences in laparoscopy surgery of malignancies have not been investigated until now. METHODS: The effects of taurolidine, heparin, and povidone iodine on the growth of rat and human colon adenocarcinoma as well as gallbladder carcinoma were investigated in vitro. Furthermore, cytokine release of growth-stimulating IL-1beta by peritoneal macrophages was measured after incubation with carbon dioxide and additional incubation with the different agents. In the third experiment, prevention of intra- and extraperitoneal metastases by intraperitoneal instillation of the different agents during laparoscopy was investigated in a colon carcinoma model in the rat. Tumor cells were administered intraperitoneally in 100 rats, and pneumoperitoneum (8 mm Hg) was established over 30 min with carbon dioxide. Rats received either tumor cells, cells + heparin, cells + povidone iodine, cells + taurolidine, or cells + taurolidine + heparin. RESULTS: In vitro, tumor cell growth decreased after incubation with taurolidine, taurolidine/heparin, and povidone iodine. Cytokine release was stimulated by incubation with carbon dioxide and could only be suppressed by incubation with taurolidine in vitro. In vivo, intraperitoneal tumor weight was lower in rats receiving heparin (251 +/- 153 mg) and povidone iodine (134 +/- 117 mg) compared to the control group (541 +/- 291 mg), but even less when taurolidine (79 +/- 82 mg) or taurolidine/heparin (18.3 +/- 30 mg) were instilled. CONCLUSION: Heparin slightly inhibits intraperitoneal tumor growth in vivo, while povidone iodine and taurolidine cause a significant decrease in tumor cell growth in vitro as well as intraperitoneal tumor growth in vivo. Cytokine release of peritoneal macrophages is only suppressed by taurolidine. Total tumor take and trocar metastases are only suppressed by taurolidine and taurolidine/heparin. Copyright Copyright 1999 S. Karger AG, Basel 相似文献
994.
Human phase I vaccine trials of 3 recombinant asexual stage malaria antigens with Montanide ISA720 adjuvant 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Allan Saul Gregor Lawrence Anne Smillie Christine M. Rzepczyk Carol Reed Darrin Taylor Karen Anderson Anthony Stowers Richard Kemp Anthony Allworth Robin F. Anders Graham V. Brown David Pye Peter Schoofs David O. Irving Shanny L. Dyer Graeme C. Woodrow William R. S. Briggs Rosemaria Reber Dieter Stürchler 《Vaccine》1999,17(23-24):3145-3159
Two phase I vaccine trials were conducted to test the immunogenicity and safety of a vaccine containing three recombinant malaria antigens from the asexual stage of Plasmodium falciparum. The three antigens are a fragment of MSP1 (190LCS.T3); MSP2 and a portion of RESA and were formulated in Montanide ISA720 adjuvant. These trials investigated the dose response of each antigen for eliciting both antibody and T-cell responses and the immunogenicity of a mixture of the antigens compared with the antigens injected separately. All three antigens elicited both antibody and T-cell responses. Strong T-cell responses were observed with 190LCS.T3 and RESA with stimulation indices exceeding 100 for peripheral blood leucocytes in some individuals. The antibody responses were generally weak. The human antibody responses observed with MSP2 in Montanide ISA720 were not significantly different from those obtained in an earlier trial which used MSP2 with alum as the adjuvant. No antigenic competition was observed: volunteers receiving a mixture of antigens had similar responses to those receiving the three antigens at separate sites. Tenderness and pain at the injection site were common over the first few days following immunization. In some volunteers, especially those receiving the highest doses tested, there was a delayed reaction at the injection site with pain and swelling occurring approximately 10 days after injection. 相似文献
995.
Quality of life of stroke survivors 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Adaptation to stroke requires complex, long-term change in stroke survivors' lives. This study aimed at identifying those factors that influence quality of life (QOL) of geriatric stroke survivors 1–3 years post-discharge. The objectives were: to describe the overall quality of life of stroke survivors; to examine the relationships between sociodemographic variables, neurological variables, functional status, social support, perceived health status, depression, and overall QOL; and to determine the best predictors of QOL. Data were collected on 50 stroke survivors using a cross-sectional design and standardized questionnaires, including the Quality of Life Index, the Functional Independence Measure, the Social Support Inventory for Stroke Survivors and the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The overall quality of life of the study participants was low. The most important predictors of QOL were depression, marital status, quality of social support, and functional status. Depression was the strongest predictor of QOL. By employing a multi-dimensional perspective, this study confirmed that adaptation to stroke involves much more than physical function. Thus, rehabilitation programs for this group would be more effective if they are based upon a holistic approach. 相似文献
996.
L. Hesse Jörg Schmidt Peter Kroll 《Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie》1999,237(4):273-277
· Purpose: To assess the effects of intravitreal injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) and gas on submacular
hemorrhage in age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). · Methods: Eleven consecutive patients (11 eyes) with subretinal hemorrhage
due to ARMD involving the fovea with elevation of the neurosensory retina were included in this study. Subretinal hemorrhage
occured 12 h to 14 days before onset of therapy. Injection of rTPA through the pars plana in a dose of 50 or 100 μg was performed.
Gas instillation (0.2–0.4 ml) followed rTPA injection, either immediately after injection (7 patients) or during the following
day (4 patients). · Results: After intravitreal injection of rTPA, subretinal clots were totally or partially liquefied when
treatment started up to 3 days after onset of bleeding. In all patients treated with 100 μg rTPA a large exudative retinal
detachment of the inferior retina resulted, which reabsorbed spontaneously within 2 weeks. After reattachment of the exudative
retinal detachment hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium was noted. Temporary opacification of the vitreous
was observed between the 2nd and 7th postoperative day in 5 eyes (45.5%). Postoperative visual acuity increased in 5 patients
(45.5%). · Conclusion: Intravitreal application of rTPA followed by gas injection is a sufficient and convenient technique
for effective removal of freshly formed submacular hemorrhage. Removal is mediated through combined enzymatic (rTPA) and mechanical
(gas) effects. This technique offers a quick recovery of vision in eyes with less severe ARMD.
Received: 5 January 1998 Revised version received: 25 March 1998 Accepted: 23 June 1998 相似文献
997.
Durroux T Peter M Turcatti G Chollet A Balestre MN Barberis C Seyer R 《Journal of medicinal chemistry》1999,42(7):1312-1319
Fluoresceinyl and rhodamyl groups have been coupled by an amide link to side-chain amino groups at positions 1, 6, and 8 of pseudo-peptide linear vasopressin antagonists (Manning et al. Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 1992, 40, 261-267) through different positions on the fluorophore, to give tetraethylrhodamyl-DTyr(Me)-Phe-Gln-Asn-Arg-Pro-Arg-Tyr-NH2 (2), 4-HOPh(CH2)2CO-DTyr(Me)-Phe-Gln-Asn-Lys(5-carboxyfl uoresceinyl)-Pro-A rg-NH2 (4), 4-HOPh(CH2)2CO-DTyr(Me)-Phe-Gln-Asn-Lys(5- or 6-carboxytetramethylrhodamyl)-Pro-Arg-NH2 (5, 6), 4-HOPh(CH2)2CO-DTyr(Me)-Phe-Gln-Asn-Arg-Pro-Lys(5- or 6- carboxyfluoresceinyl)-NH2 (8, 9), and 4-HOPh(CH2)2CO-DTyr(Me)-Phe-Gln-Asn-Arg-Pro-Lys(5- or 6- carboxytetramethylrhodamyl)-NH2 (10, 11). The closer to the C-terminus the fluorophore, the higher the affinities of the fluorescent derivatives for the human vasopressin V1a receptor transfected in CHO cells. The compound 10 has a Ki of 70 pM, as determined by competition experiments with [125I]-4-HOPhCH2CO-DTyr(Me)-Phe-Gln-Asn-Arg-Pro-Arg-NH2. It showed a good selectivity for human V1a receptor versus human OT (Ki = 1.2 nM), human vasopressin V1b (Ki approximately 27 nM), and human vasopressin V2 (Ki > 5000 nM) receptor subtypes. All fluorescent analogues were antagonists as shown by the inhibition of vasopressin induced inositol phosphate accumulation. These fluorescent ligands are efficient for labeling cells expressing the human V1a receptor subtype, as shown by flow cytofluorometric experiments or fluorescence microscopy. They are also appropriate tools for structural analysis of the vasopressin receptors by fluorescence. 相似文献
998.
Rationale: Tolerance to abused drugs may impact on patterns of abuse, and in the case of agonist therapies, may be beneficial in that
it reduces the reward value of a given dose of abused drug. Cocaethylene, a psychoactive metabolite resulting from concurrent
alcohol and cocaine consumption, was examined because of its use in human research studies of drug reward mechanisms, and
its potential as a model compound for an agonist based therapy for cocaine dependence. Objective: Comparisons were made between cocaine and cocaethylene in the acute development of tolerance to the neurochemical and behavioral
effects of cocaine. With chronic exposure, tolerance to the behavioral effects of cocaine was examined. Methods: In awake rats with a microdialysis probe in the nucleus accumbens and a jugular catheter, an IV bolus/3-h infusion of cocaine
or cocaethylene and a subsequent cocaine challenge was administered while extracellular dopamine and locomotion were monitored.
Chronic IV treatment with cocaine, cocaethylene, and a water control was accomplished for 7 days using osmotic minipumps attached
to jugular catheters. Animals were then challenged with an IV bolus of cocaine. Results: With acute treatment, the IV bolus of cocaethylene at the beginning of the infusion period resulted in an initial behavioral
activation equivalent to that caused by cocaine, after which there was a striking difference in that the cocaethylene group
displayed a return to predrug levels of activity, while the cocaine group showed high levels of activity throughout the 3-h
period. Both cocaethylene and cocaine resulted in an initial increase in the extracellular concentration of dopamine. However,
after that initial increase, levels of dopamine dropped in the cocaethylene group while the cocaine group levels remained
elevated. A 1-week infusion of cocaine or cocaethylene resulted in tolerance to the behavioral activating effects of a subsequent
cocaine challenge. Conclusions: These results demonstrate a rapid induction of tolerance to the behavioral and neurochemical properties of cocaethylene,
resulting in a diminished behavioral response to a cocaine challenge both acutely, and after 7 days. The relevance of these
data for the use of cocaethylene as a model compound for an agonist approach to therapy for cocaine dependence is discussed.
Received: 22 January 1999 / Final version: 16 April 1999 相似文献
999.
Acute and chronic effects of nornicotine on locomotor activity in rats: altered response to nicotine
L. P. Dwoskin Peter A. Crooks LiHong Teng Thomas A. Green Michael T. Bardo 《Psychopharmacology》1999,145(4):442-451
Rationale: Nicotine, a tobacco alkaloid, is known to be important in the acquisition and maintenance of tobacco smoking. Nornicotine,
an active nicotine metabolite, stimulates nicotinic receptors and may produce psychomotor effects similar to nicotine. Objective: The present study determined the effects of acute and repeated administration of nornicotine on locomotor activity and compared
its effects with those of nicotine. Methods: R(+)-Nornicotine (0.3–10 mg/kg), S(–)-nornicotine (0.3–10 mg/kg), S(–)-nicotine (0.1–1 mg/kg) or saline was administered s.c. to rats acutely or repeatedly (eight injections at 48-h intervals).
Activity was recorded for 50 min immediately after each injection. Results: S(–)-Nicotine produced transient hypoactivity, followed by dose-related hyperactivity. Repeated S(–)-nicotine administration resulted in tolerance to the hypoactivity and sensitization to the hyperactivity. Subsequent testing
following a saline injection revealed evidence of conditioned hyperactivity. Acute administration of 0.3 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg R(+)- or S(–)-nornicotine produced no effect. Transient hypoactivity was observed at 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg R(+)-nornicotine and at 10 mg/kg S(–)-nornicotine. However, rebound hyperactivity was not observed following acute administration of either nornicotine enantiomer,
suggesting that nornicotine-induced psychomotor effects differ qualitatively from those of S(–)-nicotine. Repeated R(+)-nornicotine resulted in tolerance to the transient hypoactivity, however hyperactivity was not observed. Repeated S(–)-nornicotine resulted in tolerance to the hypoactivity and the appearance of hyperactivity. Repeated administration of
either nornicotine enantiomer resulted in a dose-dependent alteration in response to a 1 mg/kg S(–)-nicotine challenge, suggesting some commonalities in the mechanism of action. Conclusion: Nornicotine likely contributes to the neuropharmacological effects of nicotine and tobacco use.
Received: 11 January 1999 / Final version: 25 March 1999 相似文献
1000.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors: Applications in Oncology 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a group of zinc dependentenzymes which include the interstitial collagenases, stromelysins,gelatinases and membrane-type metalloproteinases. They are involvedin the remodelling and turnover of the extracellular matrixproteins. They play a role in wound healing and the pathogenesis ofarthritis. In malignancies they play a role in tumor invasion,metastasis and angiogenesis. A number of synthetic matrixmetalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs) have been developed forclinical use. In preclinical tumor models they have shown promisingactivity in achievinginhibition of MMPs and reducing tumor growth and metastatic spread.Some have also shown additive or synergistic effects with cytotoxicagents. Phase I and II studies in human subjects have defined themain side effects of these agents as beingmusculoskeletal pains or arthralgias. As they are cytostatic agentsrather than cytotoxic in activity conventional measurements ofradiological response for assessment are not applicable in trials.Biological activity has been demonstrated in certain cancers by theeffects on levels of tumor markers as surrogate markers of tumorresponse and also by a fibrotic stromal reaction seen in tumortissue. Newer agents have been developed withselective inhibition of certain MMPs in an attempt to reduce theside effects. A number of phase III human clinical trialsevaluating MMPs are being carried out at present but onlyone has been formally reported so far. This study suggested thatmarimastat had no survival advantage when compared to chemotherapywith gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Current trialsare assessing efficacy of MMPIs in maintenance of remission afterother modalities of therapy or in combination with cytotoxicagents. MMPs have also been demonstrated to play an important rolein the articular cartilage destruction seen in both rheumatoidarthritis and osteoarthritis. The use of MMPIs in both exvivoand in vivomodels have shown promising resultsand trials are in process to assess their potential role in thecontrol of articular destruction. The true therapeutic role ofMMPIs await the results of these randomized studies. 相似文献