Tardive dyskinesia on Hungarian psychiatric wards

The authors found tardive dyskinesia (TD) in 23.5% of 200 hospitalized schizophrenic patients, most of whom had received neuroleptic treatment for at least two years. The frequency and severity of TD increased with age, and the more advanced the age at which the patient started taking neuroleptics, the more likely it was that TD would develop. Severe TD was more common in men than in women. Prolonged treatment with neuroleptics or the use of antiparkinsonism drugs increased the risk of TD.     

Effects of age, sex and genes on sister chromatid exchange

Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was studied in cultured lymphocytes from a limited series of 21 like-sexed twin pairs; 11 monozygotic (MZ) and 10 dizygotic (DZ) pairs. The 18 subjects, who were between 57 and 61 years old, had an SCE mean value () of 8.0 whereas the 24 subjects between 33 and 39 years of age had a mean of 6.8. The difference was statistically significant ( P <0.001). The effect of age appeared to be present in both sexes. No significant difference was found between females (%7.3) and males (%7.5), nor between smokers (%7.3) and non-smokers (%7.4). Drug users had a slightly higher mean (%7.9) than non-users (= 7.0) ( P < 0.05). This trend was found in each age group. The within-pair variance was slightly higher in DZ than in MZ pairs. The difference was not significant. We conclude that genetic factors are probably not a major source of subject variation in SCE mean value.     

Comparison of two urinary antigen tests for establishment of pneumococcal etiology of adult community-acquired pneumonia

The Binax NOW immunochromatographic test (ICT) detecting the pneumococcal C polysaccharide and a serotype-specific latex agglutination (LA) test detecting 23 pneumococcal capsular antigens were evaluated for establishing pneumococcal etiology in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) by use of nonconcentrated urine. ICT was considered to be strongly positive for result lines at least as intense as the control line and weakly positive for less intense result lines. When 215 adult CAP patients were tested, strong ICT, weak ICT, and LA positivity were found in 28, 24, and 16 patients, respectively; of these patients, 13 (46%), 6 (25%), and 13 (81%), respectively, had pneumococcal bacteremia and 27 (96%), 17 (71%), and 15 (94%), respectively, had Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from blood, sputum, and/or nasopharynx. Among 108 controls tested, 2 (1.9%) were weakly ICT positive. When weak positivity was considered negative, the sensitivity of ICT decreased from 79% (19 of 24) to 54% (13 of 24), while the specificity increased from 83% (158 of 191) to 92% (176 of 191); no controls were false positive. The sensitivity and specificity of LA were 54% (13 of 24) and 98% (188 of 191), respectively. Eight of nine LA serotypes corresponded to culture serotypes. In conclusion, using nonconcentrated urine and dividing ICT-positive results into strongly and weakly positive results is a suitable way of performing ICT. While weak ICT positivity should be interpreted with caution, strong ICT positivity and LA positivity should be considered supportive of pneumococcal etiology in adult CAP. As such, these assays might have implications for antibiotic use in CAP. LA has promising potential for pneumococcal serotyping, although further evaluation is required.     

Serum lipids and lipoproteins in relation to endogenous and exogenous female sex steroids and age. The Women's Health in the Lund Area (WHILA) study

BACKGROUND: Different studies have presented conflicting results concerning the effect of menopause on lipid levels. AIMS: To describe the serum lipid profile and the prevalence of hyperlipidemia in women aged 50-60 and the perceived relation to endogenous and exogenous hormones and age. METHODS: Out of a total population of 10,766 women aged 50-59 years, 6908 (64%) participated in a health assessment program, including a lipid profile evaluation. The women were grouped according to hormonal status into pre-menopausal (PM), post-menopausal without hormone replacement therapy (PM0) (HRT) and post-menopausal with hormone replacement therapy (PMT). Age groups used were 50-54, 55-59 and >60 years. RESULTS: Serum cholesterol and triglycerides increased significantly by age in PM0 (P < 0.0001) and triglycerides also in PMT (P < 0.0001). Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels decreased significantly by age in PMT (P = 0.002) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) increased in PM0 (P < 0.0001) and PMT (P = 0.007). The co-prevalence of levels of cholesterol >7 and triglycerides >2 mmol/l decreased by age in PM, but increased by age in PM0 and PMT. The prevalence of high-risk lipid levels and the prevalence of coexisting additional two metabolic risk factors were higher in the PM0 compared to the PMT group. The prevalence of serum triglycerides >1.5 and serum cholesterol >5 mmol/l were increasing by age in each of the hormonal groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that loss of endogenous sex steroids contribute substantially to an increased atherogenic lipid profile. Hormone replacement therapy may partly reverse these differences.     

Capillary supply of the quadriceps femoris muscle of man: adaptive response to exercise

1. Five subjects trained for 8 weeks on a bicycle ergometer for an average of 40 min/day, four times a week at a work load requiring 80% of the maximal oxygen uptake (V(O2 max.)). V(O2 max.) determinations were performed, and muscle biopsies from the quadriceps femoris muscle (vastus lateralis) were taken before, as well as repeatedly during, the training period. The muscle biopsies were histochemically stained for fibre-types (myofibrillar ATPase) and capillaries (amylase-PAS method), and analysed biochemically for succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities.2. The training programme resulted in a 16% increase in V(O2 max.), a 20% increase in capillary density, a 20% increase in mean fibre area, and an approximately 40% increase in the activities of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase.3. The capillary supply to type I, IIA and IIB fibres, expressed as the mean number of capillaries in contact with each fibre-type, relative to fibre-type area, increased equally.4. The present study shows that endurance training constitutes a powerful stimulus for capillary proliferation in human skeletal muscle.     

Increase in vascular permeability induced by leukotriene b4 and the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄), a metabolite of arachidonic acid, is known to be a potent chemotactic and chemokinetic substance. We have used the hamster cheek pouch microcirculation model to study the effect of LTB₄ on vascular permeability and the involvement of neutrophil granulocytes in this response. Intravascular fluorescein-labeled dextran (mol wt 150,000) was used as a tracer of macromolecular permeability. Topical application of LTB₄ (150 nM-5 M) to the hamster cheek pouch resulted in an immediate increase in adhering leukocytes in postcapillary venules and later larger venules. Leukocyte accumulation was reversible, but continued longer the higher the dose of LTB₄ used. Subsequently, a dose-dependent increase in vascular permeability was seen at postcapillary and larger venules, with a maximum 10–20 min after application; the maximum occurred later the higher the dose of LTB₄. Depletion of neutrophil granulocytes by pretreatment of the animals with antineutrophil serum obtained from immunized rabbits significantly decreased the permeability response to LTB₄, whereas the response to histamine was unaffected. These results suggest that neutrophil granulocytes play a role in LTB₄-mediated permeability increase. LTB₄ may be of importance both for the leukocyte accumulation and for the edema formation seen in inflammatory reactions.     

Metal content of neutrophil granules is altered in chronic inflammation

The mass fraction of certain elements was measured in isolated granulocytes and isolated granulocyte granule fractions from patients with active inflammatory arthritides (N=6) and healthy controls (N=6). The patients had significantly increased amounts of Ca in the granulocytes, in the specific and light azurophil granules, but normal Ca amounts in the dense azurophil granules. Sr was below the detection limit in the granulocytes and granule fraction from controls, but it appeared in high concentrations in the granulocytes and all granule fractions from the patients. The patients had considerably increased granulocyte amounts of Mn but only slightly increased Mn concentrations in the specific granules. Mn was not detectable in azurophil granules from patients and controls. A prominent accumulation of Fe was seen in the granulocytes from the patients, together with an Fe accumulation in the specific granules. Fe was below the detection limit in azurophil granules from patients and controls. The patients had reduced granulocyte Zn and reduced amounts of Zn in the dense and light azurophil granules but normal Zn amounts in the specific granules. The results obtained indicate that (1) the granulocyte accumulation of Ca, Sr, and Fe observed during chronic inflammation is associated with corresponding granule accumulation of these metals; (2) the considerable Mn accumulation in granulocytes during inflammation is not localized in their granules; and (3) the granule subpopulations differ in their capacity to store certain metals.