豚鼠脊髓运动神经元分支至股神经和腰背肌的研究——逆行荧光双标记法

应用碘化丙院-双苯甲亚胺配伍逆行荧光双标记技术对豚鼠脊髓运动神经元分支至股神经和腰背肌作了研究.结果发现股神经的运动纤维来源于同侧L1～5脊髓前角内侧核运动神经元和L4～5脊髓前角外侧核运动神经元;腰背肌的运动纤维来源于同侧相应节段脊髓前角内侧核运动神经元.在L3～5脊髓前角内侧核运动神经元中,有碘化丙啶-双苯甲亚胺荧光双标记运动神经元,占内侧核全部标记运动神经元的18.8‰.结果提示脊髓前角运动神经元具有分支分布至腰背肌和股神经的现象.     

Atypical Glomus Tumor in the Mediastinum: A Case Report with Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Studies

A case is reported of atypical glomus tumor occurring in the posterior inferior mediastinum of a 26-year-old woman complaining of severe back pain. The tumor was composed of atypical small, round tumor cells with scattered mitotic figures. In addition to sheet-like, diffuse proliferation of the tumor cells, some areas of the tumor contained small “glo-moid” cells arranged in organoid and hemangiopericytoma-like patterns. Immunohistochemically, many tumor cells were positive for muscle-type actins and a few cells were focally positive for desmin. Ultrastructural studies revealed smooth muscle features of tumor cells, that is, pinocytotic vesicles, external laminas, dense plaques, and occasional thin filaments with dense bodies. The patient remained well for 5 years and 4 months after the operation without additional radiation and chemotherapy. The tumor was diagnosed as an atypical, or low-grade malignant, glomus tumor morphologically. It seems important to recognize the presence of this type of tumor in sites other than extremities and to differentiate it from other malignant small, round cell tumors.     

Induction of genotoxic damage is not correlated with the ability to methylate arsenite in vitro in the leukocytes of four mammalian species

Arsenic is a natural drinking water contaminant that impacts the health of large populations of people throughout the world; however, the mode or mechanism by which arsenic induces cancer is unclear. In a series of in vitro studies, we exposed leukocytes from humans, mice, rats, and guinea pigs to a range of sodium arsenite concentrations to determine whether the lymphocytes from these species showed differential sensitivity to the induction of micronuclei (MN) assessed in cytochalasin B-induced binucleate cells. We also determined the capacity of the leukocytes to methylate arsenic by measuring the production of MMA [monomethylarsinic acid (MMA(V)) and monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III))] and DMA [dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) and dimethylarsonous acid (DMA(III))]. The results indicate that cells treated for 2 hr at the G(0) stage of the cell cycle with sodium arsenite showed only very small to negligible increases in MN after mitogenic stimulation. Treatment of actively cycling cells produced induction of MN with increasing arsenite concentration, with the human, rat, and mouse lymphocytes being much more sensitive to MN induction than those of the guinea pig. These data gave an excellent fit to a linear model. The leukocytes of all four species, including the guinea pig (a species previously thought not to methylate arsenic), were able to methylate arsenic, but there was no clear correlation between the ability to methylate arsenic and the induction of MN.     

Determination of specific oxygen uptake rates in human hematopoietic cultures and implications for bioreactor design

Oxygen plays an important role in the cultivation of primary cellsex vivo. In this study, we used hermetically sealed tissue culture well inserts equipped with oxygen electrodes to measure the oxygen utilization of cultured human bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM MNCs). The oxygen uptake rate (OUR) of BM MNCs was determined during a 14-day culture in which both adherent and nonadherent cells were present. Early in the culture, the cells exhibited very low OURs. The specific OURs (uptake rate per cell) were at approximately 0.005 μmol/10⁶ cells/hr shortly after the initiation of culture. The OUR then increased as the cultures developed. After about 8 to 10 days of cultivation the specific OURs had increased to 0.038±0.006 and 0.025±0.005 μmol/10⁶ cells/hr for adherent and nonadherent cells, respectively, after which no further increase was observed. Based on these oxygen uptake rate data, a mathematical model of oxygen diffusion was formulated and use to investigate issues associated with hematopoietic bioreactor design, including initial cell density, medium depth, reactor configuration, and oxygen partial pressure.In situ OUR measurements confirmed predicted oxygen limitations based on the mathematical model and the experimentally determined OURs. High-density hematopoietic cultures present design challenges in terms of sufficient and uniform delivery of oxygen to an active hematopoietic culture. These challenges can be met by using parallelplate bioreactors with thin liquid layers.