生物人工肝支持系统中细胞材料的选择

学术背景:以培养肝细胞为基础的生物人工肝支持系统是治疗肝衰竭和重型肝炎的重要方法之一,装有细胞材料的生物反应器则是其重要组成部分,而理想的生物人工肝细胞材料应具备成熟肝细胞的所有功能。目的:了解近年来国内外有关生物人工肝细胞材料的研究情况和最新进展。检索策略:主要检索1994-01/2007-06美国国立图书馆网站(PUBMED)、国内全文网站康健西文生物医学期刊文献数据库和中文CHKD网站有关生物人工肝细胞材料的文献,主要为英文检索,辅以中文。关键词为人工肝(liver,artificial)和/或肝细胞(Hepatocytes),干细胞(stemcell),肝细胞系(Livercellline)和永生化肝细胞(immortalization hepatocytes)。检索到685篇文献,不采用未发表的文章。经初步筛查,排除研究目的不同及内容重复的文献,详细阅读27篇。文献评价:所选文献主要来源于Hepatology,Journal of Artificial Organs,Gastroen terology,Annals of Surgery,Tissue Engineering,Journalof Hepatology,Biomaterials等著名杂志,主要为论著。资料综合:目前国内外用于生物人工肝的细胞主要有以下几种:①成人肝实质细胞:主要体现在安全性好,细胞生物学功能相同,最大障碍是来源匮乏,活力难以长时间维持。②猪肝细胞:是生物人工肝支持装置中应用最多的细胞材料,目前已进入Ⅱ/Ⅲ期临床研究,但在使用过程中需密切注意免疫反应和内源性反转录病毒感染的问题。③肝细胞株:是重要的生物人工肝细胞材料之一,来源容易。依靠其获得方法不同,可分为肝肿瘤源性、经传代建立以及病毒转染后的细胞株。④肝干细胞:是非常有潜力的细胞材料,可分为肝源性肝干细胞和非肝源性肝干细胞。结论:目前应用于生物人工肝临床研究的肝细胞主要有猪肝细胞和肝肿瘤细胞株,各有优缺点,永生化人肝细胞、肝干细胞等能否应用于临床,仍需深入探究。     

周围神经组织工程生物材料的生物相容性评价

目的:总结周围神经组织工程生物支架材料生物相容性评价方法的进展。资料来源:应用计算机检索CNKI1990-01/2006-12有关周围神经组织工程生物材料生物相容性评价方面的文章,检索词“神经,组织工程,生物材料,生物相容性”,限定文献语言种类为中文。同时计算机检索ElsevierScienceE-journals1990-01/2006-12有关周围神经组织工程生物材料生物相容性评价方面的文章,检索词“nerve,tissueengineering,biomaterial,biocompatibility”,限定文献语言种类为English。资料选择:对资料进行初审,选取周围神经组织工程生物材料方面的相关文献,开始查找全文。排除中枢神经系统文献。对剩余的文献进行分析,总结研究内容。资料提炼:共收集到相关文献168篇,72篇符合纳入标准,其中30篇有关周围神经组织工程生物材料生物相容性评价方面的文献用于综述。资料综合:周围神经组织工程生物材料生物相容性评价可分为体外和体内两个方面。体外评价即利用生物材料与细胞共培养,通过观察细胞的形态,测定细胞的活力和凋亡等反映细胞的细胞毒性。体内评价最常用大鼠坐骨神经模型,通过普通和免疫组化染色、血液指标检测、器官病理切片等反映生物材料体内局部和整体的相容性。目前,生物相容性评价以短期为主,而其长期评价也是必须的。结论:在常用方法的基础上,一些新的方法逐渐被运用到周围神经组织工程支架材料的生物相容性评价上。对于各种评价方法的“性价比”还需要进一步的分析,以建立一套基本评价体系。     

DNA ligation in relation to DNA strand breaks in phytohemagglutinin- stimulated blast cells from acute lymphoblastic and nonlymphoblastic leukemia

DNA ligase activity was determined in the WBCs from 306 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). In T-ALL cells this activity was either low or absent. DNA analysis by nucleoid, alkaline elution, and alkaline sucrose centrifugation after cells were embedded in agarose inserts has shown more DNA breaks in T- ALL than in ANLL blasts. Phytohemagglutinin stimulation of T-ALL blasts resulted in the apparent joining of the DNA breaks. Apparent identical results can be obtained by the incubation of DNA with exogenous DNA ligase. The authors suggest that this enzyme is a crucially regulated step of replication and subsequent proliferation in this type of leukemia.     

CFTR gene and male fertility

Secretion of electrolytes and water by the epididymal epithelium is important in the formation an optimal fluid environment for sperm maturation and transport. This process is disrupted in the genetic disease cystic fibrosis caused by mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmemebrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Recent findings of CFTR gene mutations in healthy men with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens or poor sperm quality may indicate that CFTR gene mutations have a far-reaching effect on human reproduction.      

综合疗法配合医疗体操治疗肩关节周围炎55例

临床资料 肩关节周围炎(肩周炎)患55例．分为综合组28例(30个肩关节)，男17例(18个肩关节)，女11例(12个肩关节)，年龄48～70(平均54)岁，病程2～36(平均6)mo．对照组27例(30个肩关节)，男15例(17个肩关节)，女12例(13个肩关节)，年龄47～70(平均52)岁，病程1．5～36(平均7)mo，两组病情基本一致．综合组采用：①局部药物封闭：20g／L利多卡因注射液5mL，654．2注射液10mg，     

The control chart: an epidemiological tool for public health monitoring

The objective of the authors is to apply the control chart, a statistical method for quality control used in industry, to public health surveillance. A pilot study was conducted during the 1998 World Football Cup (WFC) by 553 sentinel general practitioners (GPs) throughout France. The average number of cases of communicable, environmental and societal diseases relating to mass gatherings, and the total number of referrals to hospital reported daily by a GP, were plotted on a u-chart for each condition monitored. This average was beyond the statistical control limits if it fell outside the 99.7% confidence interval of the baseline incidences estimated before the WFC. Seven hundred and forty data points representing 262 279 medical encounters were plotted. Nineteen points exceeded the statistical control limits. None of these alerts was confirmed for two consecutive days. Control charts ensured that the level of the items chosen for general community health surveillance remained under control.     

Evaluation of activatory and inhibitory natural killer cell receptors in non-segmental vitiligo: a flow cytometric study

Background Recent observations established the role of altered cellular immunity and autoimmune hypothesis in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. There have been several reports discussing T‐cell and natural killer (NK) cell populations, but NK cell receptors were not evaluated in vitiligo. Objective The purpose of this investigation was to assess the role of T and NK cells as well as activatory and inhibitory NK cell receptor alterations in the pathogenesis of vitiligo and whether any aberrations were correlated with clinical findings of the disease. Patients/methods Fifty‐three patients with non‐segmental vitiligo and 45 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The percentages of lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD16, CD56, CD45, CD45RA, CD54RO, CD28, CD80, CD94, CD158a, KIR3DL‐1 receptors as well as CD94, CD158a, KIR3DL‐1 receptors on CD16⁺ cells were detected by using flow cytometry. The patient and control groups were compared in terms of the results of flow cytometric analysis, and the results were assessed regarding the type and activity of vitiligo. Results The percentages of CD16⁺CD56⁺, CD3⁺CD16⁺CD56⁺, CD8⁺ and CD45RO⁺ cells were significantly increased in vitiligo group compared with the controls. No difference was detected between the patients and control groups in percentages of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD3^?CD16⁺CD56⁺, CD28⁺, CD45⁺, CD45RA⁺, CD94⁺, CD158a⁺ and KIR3DL‐1⁺ cells. The percentage of CD16⁺CD158a⁺ cells was significantly decreased in a randomized selected group of vitiligo patients. There were no differences in percentage expression of studied cell surface antigens between patients in the active or stable period. CD3⁺ cells were significantly increased in generalized form, and CD45RO⁺ cells were significantly increased in acral/acrofacial form when compared with the other types of vitiligo. Conclusions These results indicate further evidence for T and NK cell abnormalities in non‐segmental vitiligo. The present data show that NK cell activation may be responsible in the pathogenesis of vitiligo in conformity with decreased inhibitory and increased activatory NK cell receptors.