水通道：从原子结构到临床医学

阿格雷（Peter Agre）博士，美国杜克大学医学院细胞生物学系教授，约翰斯霍普金斯大学医学院生物化学系客座教授。阿格雷教授其研究成果在于分离出了长期以来所搜寻的特定输送水分子的通道。这一发现开启了针对细菌、植物和哺乳动物水通道的系列生化、生理和遗传研究之门，从而使得研究人员可以仔细跟踪水分子通过细胞膜的过程，并了解为何只有水分子而不是其他小分子能够通过细胞膜，阿格雷博士也因此获得了2003年诺贝尔化学奖。     

(加味)柴芍承气汤对重症急性胰腺炎及其并发症的作用

目的探讨(加味)柴芍承气汤对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)及其并发症的防治作用。方法65例SAP患者分为中药组35例,对照组30例。2组的内科治疗相同,中药组一经确诊即予柴芍承气汤加味银杏叶治疗,每剂煎成100~150m l,自鼻胃管内注入或口服,每日2~3次,直至患者腹痛缓解、腹胀基本消失、肠鸣恢复。分别观察2组患者治疗72 h后的PaO2、SaO2肾功能、脑病、局部并发症情况、腹痛缓解时间、肠鸣恢复时间、病死率,以及血清中血小板活化因子(PAF)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白介素-1(IL-1)水平变化。结果治疗72 h后中药组与对照组低氧血症的发生率分别为45.71%、73.73%,P<0.05;肾损害、脑病、局部并发症发生率以及病死率均低于对照组,但无统计学差异;腹痛缓解时间、肠鸣恢复时间均优于对照组(P<0.05);中药组血清中PAF、TNF-α、IL-1水平显著降低(P<0.01),而对照组则无明显变化。结论该汤剂对SAP及其并发症有较好的防治作用。抑制细胞因子或炎症介质可能是该汤剂治疗SAP的重要机制。     

颈动脉狭窄的影像学评估

目前脑卒中所导致的社会负担已经超越了冠状动脉疾病，积极有效地预防脑卒中可降低这一社会负担。早在20世纪50年代，临床病理学家Miller Fisher的研究即发现颈动脉粥样硬化是脑卒中的重要原因，随后颈动脉内膜剥离术（CEA）逐渐成为重度颈动脉狭窄的一种治疗手段。     

Evaluation of corticospinal tract injury with three-dimensional diffusion tensor tract in patients with acute cerebral infarction

Three-dimensional diffusion tensor tract (DTT) is the newest imaging to describe the structure of white matter fiber in three-dimensions, it has great significance in dividing the concrete anatomic site of gray and white matter lesions, displaying the correlation with fibrous band and judging clinical prognosis, which is incomparable by other imagings.OBJECTTVE: To observe the conditions of corticospinal tract (CST) in acute cerebral ischemic stroke patients,and analyze the relationship between motor function and the severity of CST injury.DESIGN: A case-control observation.SETTTNG: Department of Medical Imaging, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA.PARTTCTPANTS: Fifteen patients with acute cerebral infarction were selected from Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from February to December in 2005. They all suffered from acute attack and motor disorder of hemiplegic limbs to different extent, and were conformed by CT or MRI.There were 9 males and 6 females, aging 16-87 years old, the median age was 51.7 years, and all were right handed. Fifteen right-handed normal subjects, who were matched by age and sex with the patients in the cerebral infarction group, were selected from the relatives of patients and physicians of the Imaging Department as the control group. All the subjects were informed and agreed with the study.METHODS: The patients with acute cerebral infarction and subjects in the control group received MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with GE 1.5 T nuclear magnetic resonance system, fiber tracking with the software of dTV- Ⅱ. Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps and three-dimensional tractography of bilateral CST of all patients were created. Displacement, continuity and destroy of fibrous bands were observed. At the same time, muscle strength of ipsilateral hand of patients with cerebral infarction was measured with Brunnstrom standard. The correlation between the severity of CST injury and the muscle strength of ipsilateral hand was analyzed with spearman correlation analysis.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① FA values in the infarcted sites and those in the contralateral corresponding sites of patients with cerebral infarction; ② CST manifestations in the patients with cerebral infarction and the control group.RESULTS: All the 30 testees were involved in the analysis of results. ① The FA values in infarcted sites of white matter were significantly lower than those in the contralateral ones (t =4.570, P ＜ 0.001 ). ② In the control group, bilateral CST were reconstructed, they originated from precentral gyrus, went downwards to internal capsule, and extended to pontine and medulla oblongata, each fiber had good uniformity in continuous form. In the patients with cerebral infarction, the forms of contralateral CST were consistent with those in the control group with good continuity. Due to the involvement by the infarcted site to different extents, the ipsilateral CST manifested as continuous interruption and loss of uniformity in anatomic structure and form. The CST involvements were divided into three grades: integrated CST for grade I (n =2); integrated CST but compressed or displaced for grade 2 (n =5); interrupted CST for grade 3 (n =8). ③ The severity of CST injury was obviously correlated with the muscle strength of the ipsilateral hand (r=0.888, P＜ 0.05＝.CONCLUSION: ① CST is injured to different extents in patients with acute cerebral infarction, and the severity of injury is associated with muscle strength. It is indicated that it can be used to judge the prognosis of rehabilitative treatment. ②DTT can directly display the status of pyramidal tract more three-dimensionally.     

膝关节运动过程的应力数值模拟

目的观察膝关节关节面在整个运动过程中的应力、应变分布范围、大小及变化规律。方法利用有限元数值模拟方法对行走过程中膝关节关节面应力、应变情况进行分析。结果与结论行走过程中关节面产生应力、应变随时间推移而增加，并且变化规律近似的服从抛物线变化。通过对不同体重的人在行走时膝关节面上产生的应力分析得出，体重对关节面上的应力的大小并不产生重大影响，体重带来的应力差异仅占总应力的10％。     

醋酸精氨酸对创烧伤患者预后的影响及安全性分析——86例多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验

目的观察服用醋酸精氨酸对创烧伤患者预后的影响及可能出现的不良反应。方法采用多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照的研究方法,将96例创烧伤患者(实际完成86例)随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组41例,服用醋酸精氨酸0．4 g·kg-1·d-1;对照组45例,服用安慰剂酪氨酸,剂量同前,均连用7 d。两组患者采用等氮、等热量的营养支持疗法。比较患者创面(切口)愈合时间、住院时间及不良反应发生情况。结果创伤患者治疗组(29例)创面(切口)愈合时间和住院时间分别为(11．1±2．8)、(19±6)d,明显短于对照组(13．2±5．5)、(22±6)d(33例,P< 0．05);烧伤患者治疗组(12例)创面愈合时间和住院时间各为(20±5)、(28±6)d,与对照组(22±8)、(29±8)d(12例)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。在整个试验过程中,患者出现的不良反应为恶心、腹泻,其中治疗组1例占2．44％,对照组1例占2．22％,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P= 1．000)。以上不良反应停药后消失。结论服用醋酸精氨酸能显著促进创伤患者创面(切口)愈合,缩短住院时间,且无明显不良反应,但对烧伤患者的预后无明显改善,这可能与病例数较少有关,其确切疗效有待于通过大样本的临床试验予以确定。     

髋臼骨折后创伤性关节炎人工关节手术治疗新进展

目前髋臼骨折多主张解剖复位、坚强内固定和早期功能锻炼,不仅可以获得良好的临床疗效,还可减少或延缓创伤性关节炎的发生。因此认为切开复位内固定是髋臼骨折治疗的金标准。Letournel曾经制订了髋臼骨折的病理解剖、X线检查方法和骨折分类。然而对于髋臼粉碎性骨折、波及关节面的移     

湘中地区50～59岁女性农民400人心血管功能测定

目的:观察体质监测身体功能指标——血压、肺活量/体质量、安静脉搏、台阶指数,了解经济不发达地区女性农民心血管功能现状。方法:于2004-07/08采用随机整群抽样的方法,在湘中地区4个县(市)中随机抽取50～54岁和55～59岁女性农民共400人作为研究对象,用体质测量仪对反映心血管功能的指标进行测定,包括血压、肺活量、安静脉搏、台阶指数。并将所获数据分别与全国同龄女性农民及湖南省城市体力、非体力劳动人群心血管功能指标进行差异性比较。测试同时对测试对象进行询问访谈,内容包括生活环境和经济收入、劳动生活方式、饮食营养习惯、体育锻炼现状、疾病情况等。要求测试者根据自己的实际情况如实回答。结果:400人均完成指标测试,全部进入结果分析。①湘中女性农民50～54岁高血压患病率为31.09%,55～59岁为40.13%,以1级、2级高血压为主。55～59岁年龄组,湘中女性农民收缩压和舒张压均高于全国农民及省内城市人群(P<0.05)。两年龄组比较,55～59岁年龄组高于50～54岁年龄组。②湘中55～59岁女性农民肺活量/体质量低于湖南省城市体力、非体力劳动人群(P<0.01,0.05)。③湘中50～54岁女性农民安静心率高于湖南省城市非体力人群(P<0.01)。④湘中55～59岁女性农民台阶指数低于湖南省城市体力劳动人群(P<0.05)。⑤湘中女性农民的心血管功能受体育锻炼、饮食习惯、经济等因素的影响。结论:湘中地区50～59岁女性农民心血管功能整体低于全国农民和湖南城市体力、非体力人群。影响湘中女性农民身体功能的主要因素有缺乏体育锻炼、饮食习惯、落后经济等因素。     

鼻中隔矫正术后静脉滴注甘露醇的镇痛效果

目的探讨20％甘露醇静脉滴注在鼻中隔矫正手术后的镇痛效果。方法将80例鼻中隔矫正术后患者随机分为观察组和对照组各40例。观察组术后每8小时静脉注射20％甘露醇125ml，对照组每8小时用双氯芬酸钠栓50mg纳肛。采用McGill疼痛评分法分别于术后不同时段观察患者疼痛情况以及鼻黏膜肿胀程度。结果用药后4～24h时间段观察组镇痛效果显著优于对照组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），鼻内镜观察发现观察组鼻腔黏膜水肿明显消退。结论20％甘露醇静脉滴注用于鼻中隔矫正术后镇痛效果显著，可用于鼻腔术后镇痛。     

中药膳食配合运动干预对肥胖性脂肪肝的影响

目的 探讨中药膳食配合运动干预对肥胖性脂肪肝的影响。方法 将68例脂肪肝患者随机分为对照组和观察组各34例。对照组常规给予低脂饮食和易善复、大黄庶虫丸等降酶保肝治疗；观察组按常规方法治疗外，采用中医辨证施食予以活血化淤、健脾利湿的中药膳食疗法配合运动干预．疗程均为1年。结果 治疗后观察组体重、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、谷丙转氨酶等显著低于对照组（均P〈0．01）。结论 中药膳食配合运动干预对肥胖性脂肪肝疗效显著。