Early assessment of percutaneous coronary interventions for chronic total occlusions analyzed by novel echocardiographic techniques

OBJECTIVE:

Successful revascularization of chronic total occlusions has been associated with improved left ventricular systolic function, reduced anginal symptoms, increased exercise capacity, and increased survival. This study was conducted to determine the impact of revascularization in chronic total occlusion on left ventricular function using novel echocardiographic techniques.

METHODS:

A total of 129 patients with chronic total occlusion who underwent revascularization between April 2011 and November 2012 were included in this study. Echocardiographic assessments with two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography and real-time three-dimensional echocardiography were performed before the procedure and one month after the procedure. The left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular volumes, and three-dimensional systolic dyssynchrony index were quantified.

RESULTS:

An immediate procedural success was obtained in 118 patients (91.5%). There were no acute or subacute stent thromboses during follow-up. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction significantly increased (p<0.001), while the left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes significantly decreased (p = 0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). The three-dimensional systolic dyssynchrony index also decreased significantly (p<0.001). The global longitudinal strain showed a significant increase after successful revascularization (p<0.001). An increase in the global longitudinal strain was correlated with an increase in the left ventricular ejection fraction (r = 0.27, p = 0.02). The patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50% displayed a greater improvement in the global longitudinal strain, and the patients with diabetes showed less improvement.

CONCLUSIONS:

Using novel echocardiographic techniques, our results showed that restoring the coronary blood flow in chronic total occlusion patients reduces the left ventricular volumes and improves the left ventricular ejection fraction and the global longitudinal strain of hibernating myocardium.     

Assessment of the left atrial volume index and plasma NT-proANP level in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVES:

Acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction is associated with ventricular dysfunction due to ischemia-induced progressive myocardial damage. The decrease in ventricular compliance causes left atrial dilatation and stretching of the atrial myocardium, which are the main stimuli for the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide. The aim of this study was to evaluate left atrial dimensions and atrial natriuretic peptide levels in patients early after their first acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction and assess the probable interaction between coronary lesions and these measurements.

METHODS:

A total of 110 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 50 controls were studied. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide was measured at admission. Left ventricular function, diameter, and volume index were evaluated using transthoracic echocardiography. Gensini and vessel scores of the patients who underwent coronary angiography were calculated.

RESULTS:

Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in the patients with myocardial infarction was increased compared with that in controls (3.90±3.75 vs. 1.35±0.72 nmol/L, p<0.001). Although the left atrial diameter was comparable in patients and controls, the left atrial volume index was increased in patients with acute myocardial infarction (26.5±7.1 vs. 21.3±4.9 mL/m², p<0.01). Multivariate regression analysis showed a strong independent correlation between the left atrial volume index and the plasma atrial natriuretic peptide level (β = 0.23, p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS:

The left atrial volume index and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide level were correlated in patients with acute myocardial infarction.     

Increased serum level of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy

Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been implicated in the development of diabetic vascular complications. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE) could act as a decoy for the RAGE ligands and may thus exert a cytoprotective effect. Since RAGE is upregulated by advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the same could be implied for sRAGE. We aimed to investigate the role of sRAGE as a marker of early diabetic nephropathy. Forty-eight type 2 diabetic patients, further subdivided into group 1 without renal affection (10 patients), group 2 with microalbuminuria (25 patients), and group 3 with proteinuria (13 patients), and age-matched control group 4 (17 subjects) were included. Serum sRAGE, urea, creatinine, plasma glycated hemoglobin (HBA1c), and urinary albumin excretion (albumin/creatinine ratio) were measured. sRAGE levels were significantly higher in groups 2 and 3when compared to groups 1 and 4. No significant difference was found on comparing groups 2 and 3 together or on comparing groups 1 and 4. There was a significant positive correlation between sRAGE level and all the studied parameters (p?<?0.05) as well as a significant association between the sRAGE positivity within the three diabetic groups and the degree of proteinuria. Although sRAGE level was found to be significantly higher in the microalbuminuria group when compared to both the control and diabetics with normal kidney groups, the absolute value did not differ significantly from the proteinuria group. So we say that sRAGE can be used as a marker of diabetic nephropathy; however, its absolute level cannot be used to distinguish different degrees of renal affection.