Development of dopaminergic neurons in the human substantia nigra.

A series of 29 human embryonic brains were examined in order to characterize the ontogeny of dopaminergic neurons within the developing substantia nigra. Embryos from Postconception Weeks 4.0 to 11.2 (last menstrual period 6.0-13.2) were studied. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using a polyclonal antibody to tyrosine hydroxylase. Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity was first seen in cells of the ventral mesencephalon at 6.5 weeks adjacent to the ventricular zone. Ventral migration of TH-positive cells began at 6.7 weeks. Neural process extension was first identified in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons at 8.0 weeks. The ascending nigrostriatal bundle was also first demonstrated at 8.0 weeks. Tyrosine hydroxylase containing neurites were seen initially in the developing putamen at 9.0 weeks. Only a few tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells remained adjacent to the ventricular zone at Week 10.0 and all had disappeared from the ventricular zone by 11.2 weeks. At this latter stage, a large number of dopaminergic cells had elaborated neural processes. The sequence of developmental events of human mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons is similar to the equivalent period of ontogeny in other mammals. The duration of the developmental period is, however, significantly protracted.     

Carcinoma of the breast: detection with MR imaging versus xeromammography

Detectability of breast cancer with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging versus xeromammography was quantitatively compared. MR images were obtained of breasts of 120 women who underwent xeromammography. T1 values were determined for masses larger than 2 cm. Cancer was histologically confirmed in 39 breasts and was considered excluded from 81 due to results of biopsy, cyst aspiration, or sonography or absence of change in xeromammographic findings over time. Images were blindly interpreted by three observers, and results were expressed as receiver operating characteristic curves. Detectability of breast cancer was substantially better with xeromammography than with MR imaging for all observers (P less than .03, 10(-6), and .001). On MR images, spiculation of a mass, distorted architecture, skin thickening, and nipple or skin retraction were specific but relatively insensitive indicators of cancer. Masses with smooth, distinct margins and signal intensity greater than that of fat on T2-weighted images were always benign. Other findings and T1 values were not diagnostically useful. The authors conclude that xeromammography is superior to MR imaging in detection of breast cancer.     

The larger bronchi in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: a morphometric study

In a morphometric study of the main, lobar, and segmental bronchi of the left lung in nine cases of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis the quantity of gland was found to be significantly greater than in a group of normal controls, and similar to that of a group of patients with chronic bronchitis. The quantity of muscle was also increased, amounts in the segmental bronchi being higher than in the bronchitic patients. The cause of these changes is uncertain, but they seem likely to be due to proximal extension of repeated and persistent infection of the lung parenchyma.     

Treatment of intracerebral arteriovenous malformations with isobutyl 2- cyanoacrylate: initial clinical experience

From November 1976 to September 1979, 46 patients with intracranial arteriovenous malformations or fistulas participated in a clinical study using isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (IBCA), with tantalum, for palliative or preoperative occlusion of the blood supply to the abnormalities. Although failure to obtain satisfactory position of a functioning microcatheter precluded deposition of IBCA 10 times, a total of 51 of a possible 62 feeding vessels were occluded with the tantalum-impregnated glue. The technique, results, and complications are discussed in light of the clinical follow-up, which varied from 12 to 48 months.