Cocaine cue versus cocaine dosing in humans: evidence for distinct neurophysiological response profiles

Subjective, physiological and electroencephalographic (EEG) profiles were studied in cocaine dependent study participants in response to cocaine cue exposure or a dose of smoked cocaine. Both stimuli increased subjective ratings of cocaine high and craving, enhanced negative affect, and boosted plasma ACTH and skin conductance levels. However, cocaine dose produced a greater increase in high and a more prolonged increase in plasma ACTH, while cocaine cue produced a decline in skin temperature. Both stimuli produced increases in absolute theta, alpha and beta EEG power over the prefrontal cortex. However, interhemispheric EEG coherence over the prefrontal cortex decreased during cocaine cue exposure but increased following cocaine dose. Moreover, correlation analysis of subjective, physiological and EEG responding to cocaine cue and dose revealed distinct profiles. Delta and theta activity were associated with negative affect during cocaine cue exposure, but were associated with cocaine craving and reward following cocaine dosing. In both conditions, alpha activity was marker for anxiousness but not high. These data demonstrate similar subjective, physiological responding in clinical laboratory states of cocaine craving and reward. However, differences in EEG response profiles, and their relationship to function, indicate distinct neurophysiological mediators of cocaine craving and reward within the prefrontal cortex.     

Total Mercury,Methylmercury, Inorganic Arsenic and Other Elements in Meat from Minke Whale (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Balaenoptera acutorostrata</Emphasis>) from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Meat samples of 84 minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) mainly from the Barents Sea, collected between 1 May and 16 August 2011, were analyzed for total mercury, methylmercury, cadmium, lead, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic and selenium. The average total mercury concentration found was 0.15?±?0.09 mg/kg, with a range from 0.05 to 0.49 mg/kg. The molar ratio of selenium to mercury varied between 1.0 and 10.3. Cadmium content ranged from 0.002 to 0.036 mg/kg, while the content of lead in whale meat ranged from <0.01 to 0.09 mg/kg. None of the whale samples exceeded established EU maximum levels for metals in fish muscle, but 4.8% and 6.8% of the samples exceeded Japanese maximum levels for total mercury and methylmercury, respectively, in whale meat. There was only minor variations in element concentrations between whales from different geographical areas, and cadmium was the only element were the concentration increased with increasing length.     

雄黄砷的蓄积性研究

目的 研究大鼠长期给予雄黄后砷在血液、肝脏、肾脏和脑组织中的蓄积性,以探讨雄黄的毒性机制,为临床安全用药提供科学依据.方法 ①将禁食16 h后的雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(4只)和雄黄0.16g·kg-1组(28只).雄黄组灌胃给药1次,于给药后0.5,1,2,4,8,16,36 h时间点各取4只大鼠,取全血、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、肺和脑组织,测定砷含量.②将SD大鼠随机分为对照组和雄黄0.16,0.08,0.02g·kg-1剂量组,每组10只(雌雄各5只).各剂量组每日灌胃给药1次,共给药3个月.于末次给药后16 h取血、肝、肾、脑,测定砷含量.结果 单次给予雄黄0.16 g· kg-1后,一定量的砷能吸收进入体内,分布于血液和心、肝、肺、肾、脑等主要脏器,达峰时砷含量从高至低依次为血液＞肾＞肺＞肝＞心＞脑.血液中砷水平远高于其他脏器中砷水平,这一分布特点可能为雄黄治疗白血病的基础.雄黄反复给药3个月后,血液、肝脏、肾脏和脑组织均有一定程度的砷蓄积.在相同的雄黄剂量组,肾脏的砷蓄积倍数最高,其次是肝脏.然而在砷含量方面,血液中的砷含量远高于其他脏器的砷含量,砷含量由高至低的顺序为血液＞肾脏＞肝脏＞脑.雄黄长期用药时可造成肝、肾组织轻度病理变化,可能与肝、肾组织的砷蓄积相关.但未见血液与肝肾毒性相关的生化指标变化,说明肝脏与肾脏毒性较轻.结论 雄黄的可溶性砷可吸收入体内,广泛分布于主要脏器中.长期用药后,砷可在血液、肾脏、肝脏、脑组织蓄积,其中肾脏、肝脏砷蓄积与肝、肾毒性有关.血液是砷分布水平最高的部位,可能是雄黄治疗白血病的基础.     

室内不良装修诱发儿童哮喘的探讨

[目的]探讨儿童哮喘IgE、IgA、IgG、IgM、C3、C4、外周血嗜酸性细胞与室内装修关系及室内甲醛、苯、氨浓度与儿童哮喘关系. [方法]在哮喘儿童中房屋装修30例,对照组非房屋装修30例,于入院时抽血检测IgE,IgAIgG,IgM,C3,C4外周血嗜酸性细胞进行对照研究.在室内装修(小于5年)中哮喘儿童61例,对照组非哮喘儿童61例,测量室内甲醛、苯、氨浓度进行对照研究.[结果]装修组30例哮喘儿童IgE,IgA,外周血嗜酸性细胞明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).IgG,IgM,C3,C4,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).哮喘儿童室内甲醛、苯、氨浓度与对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).非参数相关分析甲醛、苯和氨与儿童哮喘呈正相关性.[结论]室内装修导致室内空气不良可诱发儿童哮喘并加重哮喘.装饰材料中主要污染物-甲醛、苯、氨对哮喘儿童健康危害较大,应加强该方面的调查研究加快装饰材料立法和标准的制定.     

Associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level with incidence of lung cancer and histologic types in Norwegian adults: a case-cohort analysis of the HUNT study

Previous prospective studies have shown inconsistent associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level and lung cancer incidence. The aim of the present study was to explore the associations of serum 25(OH)D levels with incidence of lung cancer overall and different histologic types. We performed a population-based prospective case-cohort study including 696 incident lung cancer cases and 5804 individuals in a subcohort who participated in the second survey of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study in Norway. Cox proportional hazards regression models counting for the case-cohort design were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CIs) for lung cancer overall or histologic types in relation to serum 25(OH)D levels. Compared with the fourth season-specific quartile of 25(OH)D (median 68.0 nmol/L), lower 25(OH)D levels were not associated with the incidence of overall, small or squamous cell lung cancer. However, the risk of adenocarcinoma was lower in the second and third quartiles (median 39.9 and 51.5 nmol/L) compared with the fourth quartile, with HRs of 0.63 (95% CI 0.41–0.98) and 0.58 (0.38–0.88), respectively. The associations of lower levels of 25(OH)D with a reduced risk of adenocarcinoma were only observed in the overweight/obese subjects [HRs for second and third quartiles: 0.40 (0.22–0.72) and 0.50 (0.27–0.92)] but not in the normal weight subjects [HRs: 0.95 (0.52–1.75) and 0.60 (0.32–1.10)]. Serum 25(OH)D levels were not associated with the risk of lung cancer in general. The observation that lower 25(OH)D levels were associated with a lower risk of adenocarcinoma should be interpreted with caution.     

Community health promotion: concepts and lessons from contemporary sociology

The idealism on behalf of community interventions from The First International Conference on Health Promotion in 1986 today seems to be reduced. This article argues that there has been too little concern with what kind of social and spatial reality the community actually is among health promotion initiators and researchers. Contemporary sociological approaches to the community, emphasizing how collective and personal identities are developed in a situation with massive external and global influences, are introduced. The article advocates a stronger concern with particular local contexts and the inhabitants' self-interpretations, to learn more about whether and how local identities and cultures can be mobilized in health promotion initiatives. This focus contrasts that on education guiding most community health promotion projects. Inspired by contemporary methodological discussions centering around the concept of mechanism and contextual analysis in community studies, the article also criticizes the quasi-experimental research designs involved in many community health promotion projects.     

军队医院非现役文职人员考评体系构建及应用

本文讨论了军队非现役文职人员考评体系的基本原则和方法,对文职人员考评指标及权重进行了研究,构建了文职人员考评体系,并对其应用情况进行了探讨。     

Prevalence of, and risk factors for, HSV-2 antibodies in sexually transmitted disease patients, healthy pregnant females, blood donors and medical students in Tanzania and Norway

The prevalence of specific HSV-2 antibodies was studied in Tanzanian and Norwegian sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients (1095) and non-STD patients (488). Correlates to demographic and behavioural factors were evaluated. Seropositivity was determined by the non-commercial peptide-55 enzyme-linked immunoassay. The prevalence of HSV-2 antibodies was 70% in Tanzanian and 17% in Norwegian STD patients, 35% in Tanzanian blood donors and pregnant women, and 4, 7 and 14% in Norwegian medical students, blood donors and pregnant women respectively. A higher HSV-2 prevalence was associated with female sex, increasing age, previous STDs, history of genital HSV infection, coitarchal age (age at first intercourse) <15 years and HIV seropositivity. Compared to previous data, the prevalence of HSV-2 antibodies in Tanzanian STD patients has increased remarkably. In Norwegian STD patients our results are consistent with, or lower than, the prevalence previously reported in Western Europe. Demographic rather than behavioural factors were associated with higher prevalence of HSV-2 antibodies in STD patients.     

Essential fatty acids in the nutrition of severely neurologically disabled children

Essential fatty acids (EFA) are important for the normal development and functioning of the brain, retina and immune competent cells. Severely neurologically handicapped children often have feeding difficulties, and the composition of the diet may be critical with respect to an optimal nutrient content. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate if the dietary intakes and serum phospholipid concentrations of EFA were adequate in a group of severely neurologically impaired children in an institution. To achieve this, a prospective study was done. The investigation showed low dietary intakes of both n-6 fatty acids (FA) and n-3 FA. The serum concentrations of total n-6 FA, linoleic acid and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid) as proportions of the total serum phospholipid FA concentration were initially low. The serum concentrations of 20:3n-9 and 22:5n-6 cholesterol, triacylglycerol, total saturated FA, total monounsaturated FA and apolipoproteins A-I and B were high compared with levels in a reference group of healthy children. Following supplementation with fish oil and soyabean oil, the serum lipid profile approached normal. We conclude that the study children had suboptimal intakes of EFA and that elevated serum concentrations of 20:3n-9 and 22:5n6 were useful serological markers of suboptimal EFA status. Recommended dietary allowances for EFA given as a percentage of energy underestimate EFA requirements in children with a low energy intake. Severely disabled children with feeding difficulties should probably be monitored with serum phospholipid FA measurements or calculation of dietary absolute intakes of EFA.     

联合疗法治疗女性外阴上皮内非瘤样病变临床观察

目的探讨高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）配合专用药物治疗女性外阴上皮内非瘤样病变的效果。方法将2006年1月～2011年1月在济南军区总医院妇产科就诊的女性外阴上皮内非瘤样病变376例分为两组,HIFU组75例,单独应用HIFU治疗,联合疗法组301例,采用HIFU联合局部专用药物治疗。以同期56例单纯应用传统药物治疗的同类疾病患者为对照组。设立＂外阴瘙痒评分法＂、＂外阴白色病变面积计算法＂、＂四象限比较法＂和＂四度皮肤弹性评估法＂判定疗效。结果①HIFU组与联合疗法组对控制各类外阴上皮内非瘤样病变瘙痒症状的疗效显著优于对照组（P〈0.05）,联合疗法组疗效更佳（P〈0.05）。②HIFU组与联合疗法组控制白色病变的总有效率均高于对照组（P〈0.05）。HIFU组、联合疗法组治疗后白色病变面积与本组治疗前比较显著减小（P〈0.01）。③HIFU组、联合疗法组符合外阴皮肤弹性不良标准的患者治疗后外阴局部皮肤弹性评分与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,HIFU组、联合疗法组外阴局部皮肤弹性改善总有效率均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,联合疗法组疗效更佳（P〈0.05）。结论 HIFU联合局部专用药物治疗女性外阴上皮内非瘤样病变,对瘙痒症状、外阴局部皮肤弹性的改善及减小白色病变面积效果满意,并具有治疗方便、安全无创的优势。