Effects of antidepressant medication on sexual function: a controlled study

There has been little systematic study of the types of sexual dysfunction produced by antidepressant medication or of the frequency with which this type of adverse effect occurs. The authors report results of a double-blind study in which the effects of imipramine, phenelzine, and placebo on specific aspects of sexual function were assessed in depressed outpatients before and after 6 weeks of treatment. Both active treatments were associated with a high incidence of adverse changes in sexual function and produced significantly more adverse effects on sexual function than placebo. Orgasm and ejaculation were impaired to a greater extent than erection. Adverse sexual function changes secondary to antidepressant medication occurred frequently in both men and women, although men reported a higher incidence. Antidepressant-related sexual dysfunction may be of clinical importance for medication compliance in view of current recommendations that antidepressants be administered for longer periods as maintenance therapy or for prophylaxis.     

Fluoroscopic peroperative cholangiography: technique and associated radiation hazards

The techniques specific to peroperative fluorocholangiography are discussed based on an experience of 632 cholangiograms and an estimation has been made of the associated radiation doses to staff and patients. Rapid and accurate information can be obtained during fluorocholangiography using appropriate techniques with acceptably low radiation hazards.     

Performance standards for toric soft contact lenses.

PURPOSE: To simplify the clinical assessment of toric soft contact lens (TSCL) on-eye behavior by establishing a set of standard clinical evaluation techniques. The likely performance range expected among the TSCL wearing population was determined for a series of lens designs and acceptable performance standards indicated for each variable. METHODS: Four prism-ballast, two peri-ballast and one dynamic stabilization TSCL designs were each worn by groups of 20 subjects in a nondispensing study. After 20 min of lens wear, lenses were assessed, in right eyes only, for subjective comfort (100-point scale), lens mislocation (degrees deviation from vertical) and rotational recovery after deliberate 30 degrees mislocation (degrees/10 blinks). The percentage of lenses orienting within +/-10 degrees of target orientation (zero rotation) and the variability of orientation (standard deviation of mislocation) were also calculated for each lens group. RESULTS: Based on partitioning of the data distributions for each variable, performance was designated as excellent, acceptable or poor. Corresponding performance cut-offs were determined at > or =90, 89 to 80, and <80 for subjective comfort, < or =+/-6 degrees , +/-7 degrees to 10 degrees , and >+/-10 degrees for mislocation, >10 degrees /10 blinks, 10 degrees to 6 degrees /10 blinks, and <6 degrees /10 blinks for rotational recovery. For groups of wearers the appropriate cut-offs were > or =90%, 89 to 70%, and <70% of lenses orienting within +/-10 degrees of target orientation and <+/-6 degrees , +/-6 degrees to 10 degrees , and >+/-10 degrees for variability of orientation. CONCLUSION: Techniques suitable for the evaluation of TSCL clinical performance have been described and guidelines for the assessment of such lenses established. In the process, we have identified potential performance differences that may relate to variations in TSCL design.     

Determinants of health-service use by low-income people.

Poverty influences health status, life expectancy, health behaviours, and use of health services. This study examined factors influencing the use of health-related services by people living in poverty. In the first phase, 199 impoverished users of health-related services in 2 large Canadian cities were interviewed by their peers. In the second phase, group interviews with people living in poverty (n = 52) were conducted. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Diverse health-related services were used to meet basic and health needs, to maintain human contact, and to cope with life's challenges. Use of services depended on proximity, affordability, convenience, information, and providers' attitudes and behaviours. Use was impeded by inequities based on income status. To promote the health of people living in poverty, nurses and other health professionals can enhance the accessibility and quality of services, improve their interactions with people living in poverty, provide information about available programs, offer coordinated community-based services, collaborate with other sectors, and advocate for more equitable services and policies.     

Postoperative splinting for isolated digital nerve injuries in the hand.

Digital nerve injuries in the hand are common and can result in significant impairment and functional restriction. Despite this, there is relatively little literature, particularly with respect to postoperative rehabilitation. Splinting after repair, purported to protect the repaired nerve from excessive stretch is still commonly used. Recent cadaveric studies indicate postoperative rehabilitation is not necessary with resection up to 2.5mm. A randomized controlled trial was therefore undertaken to determine whether splinting after isolated 5th degree digital nerve transection is in fact necessary. Twenty-six subjects were recruited over a two-year period and randomized to either three weeks of hand-based splinting or free active motion. ANCOVA indicated no differences in sensibility at six months between the two groups. Subjects also reported their greatest functional limitations were because of hyperesthesia. Although this study is underpowered, these limited results suggest splinting may not be required postoperatively.     

Complications associated with the Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube® in the pre-hospital setting

PURPOSE: The Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube (Combitube) is widely used for the management of the airway during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the pre-hospital setting. Although serious complications have been reported with the Combitube, there is a paucity of data relative to the frequency and nature of such complications. The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the incidence and the nature of complications associated to the Combitube in the pre-hospital setting. METHODS: Since 1993, in the Quebec City Health Region, the basic life support treatment algorithm for emergency medical technicians has included the use of a Combitube as the primary airway device for management of all patients presenting with cardiac or respiratory arrest. The database of the emergency coordination services was searched for the period between 1993 and 2003 (2,981 patients). Only those patients who survived at least 12 hr were included. Medical records of these patients were reviewed to identify complications related to the use of the Combitube. RESULTS: Two-hundred-eighty (280) patients were identified. Fifty-eight (58) patients (20.7%, confidence interval (CI)95%=16.0%-25.4%) presented 69 complications: aspiration pneumonitis (n=31), pulmonary aspiration (n=16), pneumothorax (n=6), upper airway bleeding (n=4), esophageal laceration (n=3), sc emphysema (n=2), esophageal perforation and mediastinitis (n=2), tongue edema (n=2), vocal cord injury (n=1), tracheal injury (n=1), and pneumomediastinum (n=1). Thirteen of these complications (12 patients, 4.3%, CI95%=2.0%-6.3%) were judged as most likely resulting from trauma associated with insertion of the Combitube. CONCLUSION: The use of the Combitube in the pre-hospital setting is associated with a notable incidence of serious complications.     

Over-representation of specific regions of chromosome 22 in cells from human glioma correlate with resistance to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea

Background  

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most malignant form of brain tumor. Despite treatment including surgical resection, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiation, these tumors typically recur. The recurrent tumor is often resistant to further therapy with the same agent, suggesting that the surviving cells that repopulate the tumor mass have an intrinsic genetic advantage. We previously demonstrated that cells selected for resistance to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) are near-diploid, with over-representation of part or all of chromosomes 7 and 22. While cells from untreated gliomas often have over-representation of chromosome 7, chromosome 22 is typically under-represented.     

Predictors of Partner Notification for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae: An Examination of Social Cognitive and Psychological Factors

Efforts to control chlamydial and gonococcal infections include notifying eligible sexual partners of possible infection, primarily by asking the diagnosed patient to notify their partners. This approach, known as patient referral, is widely used but poorly understood. The current study examined psychosocial and cognitive factors associated with patient referral among an urban, minority sample of 168 participants recently diagnosed with Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. At a follow-up interview 1-month from diagnosis, participants were more likely to have notified all eligible partners if they had greater intention to notify at baseline (OR = 3.72; 95% CI = 1.34, 10.30) and if they had only one partner at baseline (OR = 4.08; 95% CI = 1.61, 10.31). There were also gender differences as well as differences based on type of partner (i.e., regular, casual, one-time). The implications of these findings for the design of programs to promote patient referral for sexually transmitted infections are discussed. Schwartz, Malka, Augenbraun, McCormack, and Wilson are with the State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Rubin is with the New York City Department of Health, Bureau of STD Control, New York, NY, USA; Rubin, Hogben, and Liddon are with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Schwartz is with the Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Box 1240, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.