Gold nanostars-diagnosis,bioimaging and biomedical applications

Abstract

Gold Nanostars (GNS) have attracted tremendous attention toward themselves owing to their multi-branched structure and unique properties. These state of the art metallic nanoparticles possess intrinsic features like remarkable optical properties and exceptional physiochemical activities. These star-shaped gold nanoparticles can predominantly be utilized in biosensing, photothermal therapy, imaging, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and target drug delivery applications due to their low toxicity and extraordinary optical features. In the current review, recent approaches in the matter of GNS in case of diagnosis, bioimaging and biomedical applications were summarized and reported. In this regard, first an overview about the structure and general properties of GNS were reported and thence detailed information regarding the diagnostic, bioimaging, photothermal therapy, and drug delivery applications of such novel nanomaterials were presented in detail. Summarized information clearly highlighting the superior capability of GNS as potential multi-functional materials for biomedical applications.     

术后使用数字化胸腔引流系统的肺切除患者胸腔引流量拔除标准的Meta分析

目的 系统评价肺切除术后使用数字化胸腔引流系统,胸腔引流量450 mL/24 h以下拔除胸腔引流管的安全性.方法 检索PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,SinoMed,中国知网,万方数据库,对符合纳入标准的研究文献,以RevMan5.3.5软件进行统计分析.结果 共纳入文献10篇,共计1570例患者.数字化胸腔引流系统组在胸腔引流管留置时间、住院时间、持续漏气发生率等方面均优于水封式传统引流装置组(均P<0.05).但拔管后并发症发生率无显著性差异(P>0.05).按胸腔引流量拔除标准将纳入文献分为小组1(≤300 mL/24 h)和小组2(>300 mL/24 h)2组进行亚组分析,结果不管引流量拔除标准是否超过300 mL/24 h,置管时间、住院时间、持续漏气发生率及拔管后并发症发生率均无显著差异(均P>0.05).结论 肺切除术后推荐使用数字化胸腔引流系统,胸腔引流量拔除标准高达450 mL/24 h是安全可行的.     

Efeito do acetaminofeno versus fentanil intravenosos na dor pós litotripsia transuretral

Background

Postoperative pain is the most common postoperative complication. This study was conducted to assess the effect of acetaminophen versus fentanyl on postoperative pain relief in patients who underwent urologic surgeries.

经皮肾镜碎石术治疗上尿路结石750例临床分析

目的探讨经皮肾镜碎石术（PCND治疗上尿路结石的疗效。方法对我院2002年5月至2010年5月收治的750例上尿路结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中男410例,女340例;年龄6～74岁,平均年龄40~13岁。肾结石620例,输尿管上段结石130例。结果750例PCNL手术均成功,手术时间80～130rain,平均90±25min,术中出血量为50～800ml,平均出血量110ml,输血10例。术后平均住院时间为6．5d,肾造瘘管留置时间为4—8d。I期结石清除率为86％（645／750）,Ⅱ期结石清除率为91．8％（689,750）。术中术后明显出血16例,2例出现保守治疗难以控制大出血,l例切除患。肾,另1例行介入栓塞治疗,必经保守治疗后痊愈。结论PCNL是治疗上尿路结石的一种有效方法,创伤小、恢复快。     

基于远志(咄)酮在记忆障碍模型大鼠体内药代动力学特性的远志及开心散药物属性研究

目的 建立RP-HPLC测定大鼠血清中远志咄酮Ⅲ浓度的方法,考量远志及其经典方开心散中远志咄酮Ⅲ在记忆障碍模型大鼠体内的药动学特性,研究远志及其复方在治疗痴呆中的药物属性.方法 大鼠腹腔注射东莨菪碱致记忆障碍模型,分别灌胃给予远志水提物和开心散水提物,腹主动脉采血,离心,取血清适量,加0.1 mmol磷酸二氢钾-乙腈沉淀蛋白,取上清液氮气吹干,水溶解,过滤,用HPLC分析,以C18为固定相,流动相为乙腈-0.1％磷酸水溶液梯度洗脱,在254 nm检测远志咄酮Ⅲ血药浓度,Kinetica 4.4软件处理数据.结果 远志咄酮Ⅲ血清在0.041 3～1.65 mg/L线性关系良好,最低定量限为41.3μ g/L.记忆障碍模型大鼠灌胃给予远志水提物和开心散水提物后的远志咄酮Ⅲ药-时曲线均使用非房室模型处理,远志咄酮Ⅲ主要药动学参数曲线下面积( AUC),平均滞留时间(MRT)在远志提取物和开心散组间有差异(P＜0.05).口服开心散全方和远志提取物后远志咄酮Ⅲ呈现双峰吸收,达峰时间分别为15 min和150 min、15 min和180 min,口服开心散全方的远志咄酮ⅢAUC值是单味药远志的1.20倍,MRT是单味药远志的1.30倍.结论 本试验建立的RP-HPLC测定法,专属、准确、灵敏,适用于远志咄酮Ⅲ在大鼠体内的药动学研究.大鼠口服远志药味提取物及其复方开心散提取物后远志咄酮Ⅲ的药代动力学结果表明通过复方配伍,可在提高生物利用度、加速吸收、延长有效血药浓度时间诸方面,调节其药动学特性,从而更有利于发挥其药效作用.     

Role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and MMP inhibitors on intracranial aneurysms: a review article

Cerebrovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world, and about one-fourth of cerebrovasculardeaths are due to ruptured cerebral aneurysms (CA). Hence it is important to find a way to reduce aneurysmformation and its subsequent morbidity and mortality. Proteolytic activity capable of lysing gelatin hasbeen shown to be increased in aneurysm tissue and expression of plasmin, membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1(MT1-MMP), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in aneurysmal wall is more than what we observein normal cerebral arteries. MMP inhibitors such as doxycycline and statins may prohibit aneurysm formationand growth. MMPs are important in tissue remodeling associated with various physiological and pathologicalprocesses such as morphogenesis, angiogenesis, apoptosis and tissue repair. In this article we review therole of MMPs and MMP inhibitors in formation of aneurysm.     

Pro-inflammatory cytokine profile of critically ill septic patients following therapeutic plasma exchange

Severe sepsis involves a generalized inflammatory response, mediated by a number of various cytokines and factors. Plasma exchange (PE) has been proposed as a therapeutic approach to improve survival of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. The theory is that removing harmful excessive endogenous inflammatory mediators is beneficial. Upon establishment of a diagnosis of severe sepsis, twelve patients received PE plus conventional sepsis treatment. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were assayed before and after each session of PE.ResultsThere were no significant changes in cytokine plasma levels after each PE session compared to pre-procedure levels. Among measured pro-inflammatory cytokines, only the plasma levels of IL-6 before the 2nd and 3rd PE sessions were lower than baseline levels (p = 0.011 and p = 0.012, respectively). All patients tolerated PE therapy well without any adverse effects or homodynamic instability. The results of this study showed that PE does not have a direct and rapid effect on plasma level of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6.     

Effect of production variables on the physical characteristics of ibuprofen-loaded polystyrene microparticles

Ibuprofen-loaded polystyrene microparticles were prepared by the emulsionsolvent evaporation method from an aqueous system containing methylcellulose as the emulsion stabilizer. The effect of production variables on the formation and the physical characteristics of the microparticles were studied. While an increase in stirring speed, concentration of emulsion stabilizer up to a critical value and disperse phase volume decreased the mean diameter of the particles, increase in drug loading and concentrations of emulsion stabilizer beyond the critical value tended to increase in size. The microparticles, except those prepared at higher stirring speeds, and with higher disperse phase volumes and drug-loads, were found to be spherical.