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81.
IW Gallen RM Rosa DY Esparaz JB Young GL Robertson D Batlle FH Epstein L Landsberg 《American journal of kidney diseases》1998,31(1):19-27
Dietary potassium restriction increases sodium and chloride retention, whereas potassium administration promotes both diuresis and natriuresis. In epidemiologic and clinical studies, potassium intake is inversely related to blood pressure and is lower in blacks than in whites. The present studies examined the mechanism by which potassium restriction fosters sodium conservation and the impact of race on this response. Twenty-one healthy black and white men and women ingested an isocaloric, potassium-restricted diet (20 mmol/d) containing 180 mmol/d of sodium with and without a potassium supplement (80 mmol/d) for 9 days on two occasions. Additionally, eight of these subjects ingested the same diets for 3 days followed by a water load to determine free water clearance before and during the early phase of dietary potassium restriction. During potassium restriction, mean arterial pressure (MAP) derived from 24-hour blood pressure measurements was higher (85.7 +/- 1.6 mm Hg v 82.0 +/- 1.3 mm Hg; P < 0.001), cumulative sodium excretion lower (984 +/- 59 mmol/d v 1,256 +/- 58 mmol/d; P < 0.001), and weight greater (71.1 +/- 2.1 kg v 69.3 +/- 2.2 kg; P < 0.001). Blacks displayed no greater increase in MAP, although they excreted less sodium overall and less potassium on the potassium-supplemented diet. After a water load, minimum urine osmolality (Uosm) was lower (53.0 +/- 3.0 mOsm/L v 65.6 +/- 3.5 mOsm/L; P = 0.01) and free water clearance greater (4.44 +/- 0.59 mL/min v3.72 +/- 0.58 mL/min; P = 0.009) during potassium restriction. In conclusion, in healthy, normotensive subjects, potassium restriction was associated with an increase in blood pressure and volume expansion effected by increased renal sodium and chloride retention. Potassium restriction was also associated with increased free water clearance and enhanced diluting capacity consistent with augmentation of Na+, K+:2Cl- cotransporter activity in the thick ascending limb of Henle. This mechanism may play an important role in the renal adaptation required for potassium conservation, but at the expense of sodium chloride retention and an elevation in blood pressure. 相似文献
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Central corticosteroid actions: Search for gene targets 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
84.
胰岛素受体介导主要信号传导途径与胰岛素抵抗的治疗进展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
目的:了解胰岛素受体介导的主要的信号传导途径与胰岛素抵抗的关系,总结胰岛素抵抗的药物治疗方法。方法:主要选择被Medline收录的外文文献和在国内核心杂志上发表的有关文献,就其内容进行分析、分类、归纳及总结。结果:胰岛素受体、胰岛素受体底物、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶及葡萄糖转运蛋白4信号传递关键分子受损是导致胰岛素抵抗的主要原因。α糖苷酶抑制剂、双胍类、噻唑烷二酮类药物等纠正胰岛素信号传导通路中的障碍,增加靶组织对胰岛素敏感性的措施,都是胰岛素抵抗的治疗方法。结论:胰岛素信号转导途径的任何一个环节受损均可导致胰岛素抵抗。影响胰岛素受体介导的信号传导的新药开发将成为改善胰岛素抵抗的新趋向。 相似文献
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D Gareth R Evans Julian Barwell Diana M Eccles Amanda Collins Louise Izatt Chris Jacobs Alan Donaldson Angela F Brady Andrew Cuthbert Rachel Harrison Sue Thomas Anthony Howell Zosia Miedzybrodzka Alex Murray The FH Study Group RGC teams 《Breast cancer research : BCR》2014,16(5):1-6
Introduction
It is frequent for news items to lead to a short lived temporary increase in interest in a particular health related service, however it is rare for this to have a long lasting effect. In 2013, in the UK in particular, there has been unprecedented publicity in hereditary breast cancer, with Angelina Jolie’s decision to have genetic testing for the BRCA1 gene and subsequently undergo risk reducing mastectomy (RRM), and a pre-release of the NICE guidelines on familial breast cancer in January and their final release on 26th June. The release of NICE guidelines created a lot of publicity over the potential for use of chemoprevention using tamoxifen or raloxifene. However, the longest lasting news story was the release of details of film actress Angelina Jolie’s genetic test and surgery.Methods
To assess the potential effects of the ‘Angelina Jolie’ effect, referral data specific to breast cancer family history was obtained from around the UK for the years 2012 and 2013. A consortium of over 30 breast cancer family history clinics that have contributed to two research studies on early breast surveillance were asked to participate as well as 10 genetics centres. Monthly referrals to each service were collated and increases from 2012 to 2013 assessed.Results
Data from 12 family history clinics and 9 regional genetics services showed a rise in referrals from May 2013 onwards. Referrals were nearly 2.5 fold in June and July 2013 from 1,981 (2012) to 4,847 (2013) and remained at around two-fold to October 2013. Demand for BRCA1/2 testing almost doubled and there were also many more enquiries for risk reducing mastectomy. Internal review shows that there was no increase in inappropriate referrals.Conclusions
The Angelina Jolie effect has been long lasting and global, and appears to have increased referrals to centres appropriately. 相似文献88.
89.
Mozas P Castillo S Reyes G Tejedor D Civeira F García-Alvarez I Puzo J Cenarro A Alonso R Mata P Pocoví M;Spanish group FH 《American heart journal》2003,145(6):999-1005
Background
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder characterized by high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). There are important differences in the presence of CVD among heterozygous subjects with FH. Some of this variability can be explained by genetic factors, and the apolipoprotein (apo) E genotype has been proposed as a useful marker.Methods
We analyzed the apo E genotype in 706 non-related subjects who were heterozygous for FH from Spain. CVD was present in 198 subjects (28%), 132 men (41%) and 66 women (17%).Results
Apo E allele frequencies for the ε3, ε4, and ε2 alleles were 0.89, 0.09, and 0.02 respectively. Age, body mass index, smoking status, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, presence of tendon xanthomas, total cholesterol level, triglyceride levels, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and Lp(a) did not differ among genotypes. The incidence of CVD and the age of onset of CVD did not differ among genotypes either. In the multivariant analysis, apo E genotype did not contribute significantly to CVD.Conclusions
Heterozygous men with FH have a very high risk of coronary disease in a Mediterranean country, and the apo E genotype in this large group of adults with FH is not associated either with CVD or lipid values, in contrast with the established effect in the general population. 相似文献90.
Catharina E van Ewijk Marjolein N Kooijman Ewout Fanoy Stijn FH Raven Marit Middeldorp Anita Shah Brechje de Gier Hester E de Melker Susan JM Hahn Mirjam J Knol 《Euro surveillance : bulletin européen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin》2022,27(45)
BackgroundDifferential SARS-CoV-2 exposure between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals may confound vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates.AimWe conducted a test-negative case–control study to determine VE against SARS-CoV-2 infection and the presence of confounding by SARS-CoV-2 exposure.MethodsWe included adults tested for SARS-CoV-2 at community facilities between 4 July and 8 December 2021 (circulation period of the Delta variant). The VE against SARS-CoV-2 infection after primary vaccination with an mRNA (Comirnaty or Spikevax) or vector-based vaccine (Vaxzevria or Janssen) was calculated using logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and calendar week (Model 1). We additionally adjusted for comorbidity and education level (Model 2) and SARS-CoV-2 exposure (number of close contacts, visiting busy locations, household size, face mask wearing, contact with SARS-CoV-2 case; Model 3). We stratified by age, vaccine type and time since vaccination.ResultsVE against infection (Model 3) was 64% (95% CI: 50–73), only slightly lower than in Models 1 (68%; 95% CI: 58–76) and 2 (67%; 95% CI: 56–75). Estimates stratified by age group, vaccine and time since vaccination remained similar: mRNA VE (Model 3) among people ≥ 50 years decreased significantly (p = 0.01) from 81% (95% CI: 66–91) at < 120 days to 61% (95% CI: 22–80) at ≥ 120 days after vaccination. It decreased from 83% to 59% in Model 1 and from 81% to 56% in Model 2.ConclusionSARS-CoV-2 exposure did not majorly confound the estimated COVID-19 VE against infection, suggesting that VE can be estimated accurately using routinely collected data without exposure information. 相似文献