Comparison of airway diameter measurements from an anthropomorphic airway tree phantom using hyperpolarized 3He MRI and high-resolution computed tomography.

An anthropomorphic airway tree phantom was imaged with both hyperpolarized (HP) 3He MRI using a dynamic projection scan and computed tomography (CT). Airway diameter measurements from the HP 3He MR images obtained using a newly developed model-based algorithm were compared against their corresponding CT values quantified with a well-established method. Of the 45 airway segments that could be evaluated with CT, only 14 airway segments (31%) could be evaluated using HP 3He MRI. No airway segments smaller than approximately 4 mm in diameter and distal to the fourth generation were adequate for analysis in MRI. For the 14 airway segments measured, only two airway segments yielded a non-equivalent comparison between the two imaging modalities, while eight more had inconclusive comparison results, leaving only four airway segments (29%) that satisfied the designed equivalence criteria. Some of the potential problems in airway diameter quantification described in the formulation of the model-based algorithm were observed in this study. These results suggest that dynamic projection HP 3He MRI may have limited utility for measuring airway segment diameters, particularly those of the central airways.     

An audit of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in rheumatology outpatients

Background  

Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination are recommended for a number of clinical risk groups including patients treated with major immunosuppressant disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Such immunisation is not only safe but immunogenic in patients with rheumatic diseases. We sought to establish dual vaccination rates and significant influencing factors amongst our hospital rheumatology outpatients.     

Functional genomics and schizophrenia: endophenotypes and mutant models.

This article summarizes the rationale, methods, and results of gene discovery programs in schizophrenia research and describes functional methods of investigating potential candidate genes. It focuses next on the most prominent current candidate genes and describes (1) evidence for their association with schizophrenia and research into the function of each gene; (2) investigation of the clinical phenotypes and endophenotypes associated with each gene, at the levels of psychopathologic, neurocognitive, electrophysiologic, neuroimaging, and neuropathologic findings; and (3) research into the ethologic, cognitive, social, and psychopharmacologic phenotype of mutants with targeted deletion of each gene. It examines gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Finally, it looks at future directions for research.     

Efficacy of a patient-training videotape on motor fluctuations for on-off diaries in parkinson's disease

Patient on-off diaries are used in clinical trials, but a method to assure agreement between patient and examiner has never been developed. We tested whether a patient-teaching tape increased the rate of agreement between patient diary ratings and simultaneous neurologic assessment by a trained professional. A total of 32 consecutive patients who had Parkinson's disease with motor fluctuations independently completed a 4-h on-off diary (nine ratings) at the same time as an examiner. Those with <80% agreement with the examiner (n = 20) were randomized to view either a training tape that showed motor fluctuations (experimental group) or another videotape of general patient educational material (control group). All patients then underwent the same 4-h assessment of motor fluctuations. To test for long-term retention, they returned 1 month later and, without reviewing the videotape, underwent a final 4-h correlation assessment. After the training tape, the experimental group showed significant improvement, whereas the control group showed no improvement. Furthermore, another month later, the improvement in the experimental group was retained. Based on these findings, we suggest that future clinical trials assessing motor fluctuations incorporate this tape into their basic methodology.     

A placebo controlled trial of remoxipride in the prevention of relapse in chronic schizophrenia

Sixty-two DSM III chronic schizophrenic inpatients were selected for a double-blind, placebo controlled, multi-centre, relapse prevention study of remoxipride, a selective dopamine (D₂)-receptor antagonist. After a 1 month placebo washout, 23 patients had relapsed and were withdrawn. Of the remaining patients 19 were randomised to remoxipride (150–300 mg daily) and 20 to placebo. Their median age was 58 years, 26 were male, and the median duration of illness was 33 years. After 24 weeks a further total of 8 remoxipride and 17 placebo patients had been withdrawn. Excluding three patients withdrawn for reasons other than relapse, the comparative relapse rates were 37% and 75%, respectively (P=0.015). Efficacy analyses using clinical global impression (P=0.04) and change in BPRS scores (P=0.016) were in favour of remoxipride. Extrapyramidal symptoms were minimal in both groups. Treatment emergent adverse events were similar in the two groups. Remoxipride is therefore of potential value as a safe drug which is both effective and well tolerated in the long term management of chronic schizophrenic patients.     

Lasers in surgery.

In January 1991 the winter meeting of the Surgical Research Society was held at St. Bartholomew's Hospital and the Institute of Education, London. During the meeting a symposium was held entitled 'Shedding light on lasers'. Speakers addressed the general principles of lasers, laser-tissue interactions and the applications of lasers in gastro-enterology and in vascular disease. This was followed by an open discussion of the current indications, complications and outcome, together with future possible applications for lasers in medicine.