Hybridization of laboratory strains of sibling species A and B of Anopheles quadrimaculatus

Adult mosquitoes of the Anopheles quadrimaculatus complex were collected from Montgomery County, AL (MON) and Alachua County, FL, (KBG) and laboratory stocks of species A and B were established through a selection procedure employing isofemale lines. Progeny from a cross of species B females to ORL males were usually semisterile females and sterile males. Progeny of the reciprocal cross were also semisterile females and sterile males, but the sex ratio was variable and ranged from normal to no males because of male mortality during the pupal stage. Conspecific crosses between strains from the two locations resulted in fertile offspring. Crosses between the sibling species from the two locations invariably gave semisterile females and sterile males (or lethal effects). This evidence confirmed previous data from hybridization and electrophoretic analyses of field populations indicating that Anopheles quadrimaculatus is a species complex.     

Beta carotene uptake into atherosclerotic plaque: Enhanced staining and preferential ablation with the pulsed dye laser

The yellow color of atherosclerotic plaque is due to the presence of carotenoids, which absorb light between 430–530 nm and account for the preferential ablation of plaque by the pulsed dye laser operating at 480 nm. This study was designed to examine tissue uptake of β-carotene and the effect of uptake on arterial plaque ablation. Forty-two atherosclerotic NZW rabbits were given intravenous β-carotene at a dose of 40 mg/kg, twice weekly and killed between 1 hour and 28 days after the initial injection. β-carotene was not detected in control specimens but was significantly greater in plaque than in normal wall at all time points following β-carotene injection (P < 0.04 Mann Whitney U test). The ablation threshold was significantly lower in β-carotene treated plaque than in untreated plaque or normal arterial wall (P < 0.01, Fisher's exact test). In this model β-carotene is preferentially taken up into arterial plaque, resulting in increased absorption of laser radiation at 480 nm and enhanced tissue ablation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Neurochemical mechanisms mediating the behavioral and cognitive effects of nicotine

Data are reviewed, largely from experiments in the authors'laboratory, that suggest three modes of action of systemic nicotine in producing three different types of effect upon behavior and cognitive function. (1) Preexposure of a stimulus without consequence makes it harder subsequently to form associations to that stimulus, a form of selective attention known as latent inhibition. Latent inhibition is blocked by nicotine, an effect that is apparently mediated by a nicotine-induced increase in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. (2) A single dose of nicotine proactively increases the partial reinforcement extinction effect measured several weeks later: that is, resistance to extinction is decreased by nicotine in animals that have been trained on a continuous reinforcement schedule, and increased in animals trained on a partial reinforcement schedule. This effect appears to be due to increased synthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase in the cell bodies of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, followed by axonal transport to the hippocampus and increased synthesis and release of noradrenaline in that structure. (3) Nicotine improves vigilance in animals with cognitive deficits due to destruction of the forebrain cholinergic projection system, either as a consequence of excitotoxic lesions of the nuclei of origin of this system or after prolonged alcohol consumption; and also in human subjects with Alzheimer's disease (in which this system undergoes degeneration). This effect is most likely due to an action at denervated cholinergic synapses in the hippocampus and neocortex. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Interferon-gamma knockout fails to confer protection against obliteration in heterotopic murine tracheal allografts.

BACKGROUND: Interferon-gamma, produced by T-helper cells, activates macrophages and increases expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products in acute and chronic rejection. We investigated the role of interferon-gamma in murine heterotopic tracheal allografts. METHODS: Tracheas from BALB/c mice were heterotopically transplanted to BALB/c (12 isografts: 2 weeks [n = 6] and 4 weeks [n = 6], C57BL/6 (12 allografts: 2 weeks [n = 6] and 4 weeks [n = 6]) and C57BL/6 interferon-gamma knockout mice (12 interferon-gamma knockout allografts: 2 weeks [n = 4] and 4 weeks [n = 8]). BALB/c interferon-gamma knockout tracheas were transplanted to C57BL/6 mice (reverse knockout: 4 weeks [n = 6]) and BALB/c interferon-gamma knockout mice (4 weeks [n = 2]). C57BL/6 tracheas were transplanted to Bm12 mice (MHC Class II mismatch allografts: 4 weeks [n = 6]). Conventional histology and immunohistochemistry for CD4, CD8 and CD11b were performed. RESULTS: Minimal (<20%) obliteration was seen at 2 weeks in the allograft groups. No obliteration was seen in the isograft groups. However, all allografts were completely obliterated at 4 weeks. Interferon-gamma knockout allograft combinations displayed severe rejection characterized by intense intra- and extraluminal infiltration by CD4-, CD8- and CD11b-labeled cells. The MHC Class II mismatch allograft group showed normal epithelium and mild sub-epithelial infiltration by CD4+ cells at 4 weeks (CD8-, CD11b-). CONCLUSIONS: Absence of interferon-gamma does not protect the allograft from obliteration. Epithelial destruction by cytotoxic T cells appears to be an important mechanism in the development of obliteration in murine heterotopic tracheal allografts.     

Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 1: Dental and skeletal effects.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance for the developing Class II Division 1 malocclusion. This multicenter trial was carried out in the United Kingdom. A total of 174 children, aged 8 to 10 years old, with Class II Division 1 malocclusion were randomly allocated to receive treatment with a Twin-block appliance or to an untreated, control group. Data were collected at the start of the study and 15 months later. Results showed that early treatment with Twin-block appliances resulted in reduction of overjet, correction of molar relationships, and reduction in severity of malocclusion. Most of this correction was due to dentoalveolar change, but some was due to favorable skeletal change. Early treatment with the Twin-block appliance is effective in reducing overjet and severity of malocclusion. The small change in the skeletal relationship might not be considered clinically significant.     

Anaesthesia for endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms.

Endovascular treatment of cerebral aneuryms is now widely used and has important implications for the neuroanaesthetist. Significant issues include the decision to use general anaesthesia, factors associated with anaesthesia in the interventional radiology suite and treatment of complications. As endovascular treatment is now supported by evidence and established in practice, neuroanaesthetists should be involved in planning these procedures from a process, and individual patient, perspective.     

Controlled study of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid for the management of childhood lead intoxication.

We examined the efficacy and safety of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in children with markedly elevated blood lead (BPb) concentrations. Among 19 children with BPb concentrations of 50 to 69 micrograms/dl (2.41 to 3.33 mumol/L) who received a 5-day inpatient oral course of DMSA (1050 mg/m2 per day), the mean BPb concentration decreased by 61%; in four who received calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CaNa2EDTA) (1000 mg/m2 per day intravenously), it decreased by 45% (p less than 0.0007). Urinary lead excretion was comparable in both groups. Treatment with DMSA was more effective than treatment with CaNa2EDTA in restoring metabolic activity to the heme pathway and was well tolerated even among nine patients who received concomitant iron supplementation and two who had homozygous deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. On discharge, these 19 children received either no chelation therapy or DMSA, 350 or 700 mg/m2 per day for 14 days on an outpatient basis. After 14 days the mean BPb values for the no-chelation, low-DMSA, and high-DMSA groups were 73%, 66%, and 50% of the pretreatment values, respectively. We conclude that a 5-day oral course of DMSA is effective in the treatment of children with severe lead poisoning. In addition, on an outpatient basis the administration of DMSA, 700 mg/m2 per day, is capable of delaying the typical rebound in BPb values and should ultimately reduce the need for repeated hospitalizations.     

Newer aspects of antiarrhythmic drug development: Introduction

Although cardiac arrhythmias remain a serious clinical problem in many patients with heart disease, the exact role of antiarrhythmic drug therapy is currently under intense evaluation. Within the last several years it has become clear that there are significant risks as well as potential benefits associated with existing agents. Ongoing studies in large patient populations should help determine the benefit/risk ratio of traditional therapy. Regardless of the outcome of these trials, current electrophysiological dogma will have to be re-evaluated and newer concepts evolve for drug development to make further progress. The goal of this symposium is to exchange information among basic and clinical investigators so as to facilitate the emergence of novel electrophysiological concepts that will form the basis for future generations of antiarrhythmic drugs.     

A Randomized Pilot Study of Behavioral Treatment to Increase Calorie Intake in Toddlers With Cystic Fibrosis

This pilot study examined a behavioral treatment to increase calorie intake in toddlers with cystic fibrosis. Eight toddlers were randomly assigned to behavioral plus nutrition (BEH) or nutrition intervention (NTR) conditions. Calorie intake and weight were measured at pre- and posttreatment. The BEH group showed a trend for changes in calorie intake pre- to posttreatment (p = .07; 40% increase). Results for the BEH and NTR groups did not differ significantly. Most participants achieved weight gains consistent with normal growth. Seventy-five percent had not shown this pattern during the year prior to intervention. These results support the feasibility and potential for behavioral interventions in this age group.